progressive era literature progressive era literature

The 1900's Dubbed a "Progressive Era" by many historians, the period between 1895 and the start of WWI (1917) was a time of significant technological and cultural advance in America. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 53 (4): 399425. It endorsed jingoistic nationalism as opposed to the businessmen's calculation of profit and national interest. Progressives advocated for censorship of motion pictures as it was believed that patrons (especially children) viewing movies in dark, unclean, potentially unsafe theaters, might be negatively influenced in witnessing actors portraying crimes, violence, and sexually suggestive situations. (PhD Diss. His majority opinion in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad vs. Interstate Commerce Commission upheld the right of the federal government to regulate the hours of railroad workers. [28], In the early 20th century, American philanthropy matured, with the development of very large, highly visible private foundations created by Rockefeller, and Carnegie. The largest foundations fostered modern, efficient, business-oriented operations (as opposed to "charity") designed to better society rather than merely enhance the status of the giver. Weegy: Truant officers' role was to was to make sure children go to school. [153], The first primary elections came in the Democratic Party in the South starting in Louisiana in 1892. The Sixteenth Amendment established a federal income tax, the Seventeenth Amendment allowed for the direct election of Senators, the, Legislation aimed at strengthening protections for workers and consumers included the, Though Progressive reformers achieved many noteworthy goals during this period, they also promoted discriminatory policies and espoused intolerant ideas. Throughout the Progressive Era, it remained one of the prominent causes associated with Progressivism at the local, state and national level, though support across the full breadth of Progressives was mixed. Accessed February 11, 2019. The Progressive Era was so deeply marked by the rapid development of global capitalism that Benedict Anderson, the political scientist best known for his book Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, characterized the period as the "Age of Globalization." We still today depend on that to be able to buy groceries that are safe to eat, and to buy pharmaceuticals that won't have terrible side effects. Cocks, Catherine, Peter C. Holloran and Alan Lessoff. Enrollment for children (age 5 to 19) in school rose from 51 percent to 59 between 1900 and 1909. Indeed Richard Hosfstadter argued that Progressivism was, "a phase in the history of the Protestant conscience, a latter-day Protestant revival. [157], The Northeast was laggard in adopting the direct primary, with Connecticut and Rhode Island the last states to sign up. [173][174] The South had fewer cars and trucks and much less money, but it worked through highly visible demonstration projects like the "Dixie Highway. [218], Prohibition was the outlawing of the manufacture, sale and transport of alcohol. These pamphlets from 100500 pages contain official platforms, arguments, biographies, speeches and statistics, all designed to help local party speakers. Their explicit goal was to professionalize and make "scientific" the social sciences, especially history,[8] economics,[9] and political science. ", Harry H. Stein, "American Muckrakers and Muckraking: The 50-Year Scholarship,", Nikki Mandell, "Allies or Antagonists? ", Reynold M. Wik, "Henry Ford's Science and Technology for Rural America,", George B. Tindall, "Business Progressivism: Southern Politics in the Twenties,", Susan Zeiger, "Finding a cure for war: Women's politics and the peace movement in the 1920s,", J. Stanley Lemons, "The SheppardTowner Act: Progressivism in the 1920s,", Jayne Morris-Crowther, "Municipal Housekeeping: The Political Activities of the Detroit Federation of Women's Clubs in the 1920s,". The group led efforts in Oregon to establish an initiative and referendum system, allowing direct legislation by the state's citizens. Philanthropic Reformers and Business Reformers in the Progressive Era,". It included, in addition to the rapid building of a public school system based on English teaching, and boasted about such modernizing achievements as: steel and concrete wharves at the newly renovated Port of Manila; dredging the River Pasig; streamlining of the Insular Government; accurate, intelligible accounting; the construction of a telegraph and cable communications network; the establishment of a postal savings bank; large-scale road- and bridge-building; impartial and incorrupt policing; well-financed civil engineering; the conservation of old Spanish architecture; large public parks; a bidding process for the right to build railways; Corporation law; and a coastal and geological survey. U'Ren also helped in the passage of an amendment in 1908 that gave voters power to recall elected officials, and would go on to establish, at the state level, popular election of U.S. In Illinois, Governor Frank Lowden undertook a major reorganization of state government. Direct link to Robert Novitsky's post How did the U.S. congress, Posted 7 years ago. [188][189], After reorganizations prices to consumers went up, as the replacement firms lost the size efficiency of the trust. [31], A hallmark group of the Progressive Era, the middle class became the driving force behind much of the thought and reform that took place in this time. ", Ira M. Wasserman, "Prohibition and ethnocultural conflict: The Missouri prohibition referendum of 1918.". Mary Richmond and Jane Addams: From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry in Social Work Practice. The Volstead Act, 1919, defined intoxicating as having alcohol content greater than 0.5% and established the procedures for federal enforcement of the Act. [244], In the legal profession, the American Bar Association set up in 1900 the Association of American Law Schools (AALS). [149] These Progressive reforms were soon replicated in other states, including Idaho, Washington, and Wisconsin, and today roughly half of U.S. states have initiative, referendum and recall provisions in their state constitutions. Wickersham discovered that trust busting meant higher prices for consumers. He made conservation a top priority and established many new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nation's natural resources. State Executive Committee. Rate this book. William B. Wilson was appointed as the first Secretary of Labor on March 5, 1913, by President Wilson. [231], Prohibition also brought a rise to organized crime, which was able to profit off the sales of illegal alcohol. [155] While La Follette always won his primary, that was not necessarily the case with other progressives. The middle class lived in leafy neighborhoods in the city and took the trolley to work in downtown offices. Tennessee, Illinois, Kentucky and Kansas took the lead in 19041905, followed by Arkansas, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas and West Virginia. The main themes ended during American involvement in World War I (1917-1918) while the waste and efficiency elements continued into the 1920s. Era of United States history between 1896 and 1917, Originators of progressive ideals and efforts, Popular democracy: Initiative and referendum. "[258] The slogan was no longer accurate by April 6 of the following year, when Wilson surprised much of the Progressive base that twice elected him and asked a joint session of Congress to declare war on Germany. According to Gene Clanton's study of Kansas, populism and progressivism had a few similarities but different bases of support. August 2013, online, "Celebrating Women's History Month: The Fight for Women's Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU", "Wisconsin's Legal History: Law and the Progressive Era, Part 3: Reforming the Workplace", "The Establishment of Wisconsin's Income Tax", "The Origins of Unemployment Insurance in Wisconsin", "Initiative, Referendum and Recall Introduction", "Transnational Reform and Democracy: Election Reforms in New York City and Berlin Around 1900", Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, "Consensus for Reform: The Mothers'-Pension Movement in the Progressive Era", "State Initiative and Referendum Summary", "Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era", UC Santa Barbara, The American Presidency Project, https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/aug/26/lawless-prohibition-gangsters-speakeasies, "A Brief Overview of Progressive Education", "Statistics: Education in America, 18601950", Bibliography of Woodrow Wilson Other primary sources, 1908 Republican campaign text-book online, 1916 Republican campaign text-book online, "Citizenship in a Republic" (1910 speech), "Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual" (1912 post-assassination-attempt speech), Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library, Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse, North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911, Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Era&oldid=1141038313, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with minor POV problems from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Baker, Paula. The first factors involved the La Follette family going back and forth between trying to control of the Republican Party and if frustrated trying third-party activity especially in 1924 and the 1930s. By 1897 in 11 Southern and border states the Democratic party held primaries to select candidates. [161] Many cities set up municipal reference bureaus to study the budgets and administrative structures of local governments. [252] Historians have moved back in time emphasizing the Progressive reformers at the municipal[253] and state[254] levels in the 1890s. The Progressive Era was one of general prosperity after the Panic of 1893a severe depressionended in 1897. "Politics in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era." How Prohibition backfired and gave America an era of gangsters and speakeasies. Voting has changed in Orange County this year. Google map location Syracuse, New York 13244-5290 ; 315.443.5534; f: 315.443.5545; supress@syr.edu Direct link to Caleb Reynolds's post I would say that every ma, Posted 6 years ago. Using the language of municipal housekeeping women were able to push such reforms as prohibition, women's suffrage, child-saving, and public health. The alliance was especially important in the larger industrial cities. The movement's attempts at introducing urban reforms to rural America often met resistance from traditionalists who saw the country-lifers as aggressive modernizers who were condescending and out of touch with rural life. A leading Republican, Cummins fought to break up monopolies. At the state and national levels new food and drug laws strengthened urban efforts to guarantee the safety of the food system. [280], By 1930, a block of progressive Republicans in the Senate were urging Hoover to take more vigorous action to fight the depression. Corporations and tru, Posted 4 years ago. [142][143][144] As white Progressives sought to help the white working class, clean up politics, and improve the cities, the country instated the system of racial segregation known as Jim Crow. Franklin, D. (1986). Typically, classes were taught by young local women before they married, with only occasional supervision by county superintendents. Richard Hofstadter, for example, in 1955 wrote that prohibition, "was a pseudo-reform, a pinched, parochial substitute for reform" that "was carried about America by the ruralevangelical virus". [129] So, frequently women expressed passionless emotions towards love as a way to establish status among men in the middle class. [99], Progressivism was strongest in the cities, but the South was rural with few large cities. How would you describe the Progressive worldview? (1975). Since poverty, mental illness, and different racial and ethnic backgrounds were considered biologically undesirable traits, the process of sterilization was used as an unethical means to "cleanse" humanity of biological weaknesses. Muckrakers were needed in American Society because they would expose big industries, such as the meat packaging industry. (41) $1.99. Get a quote in La Habra, CA. [203], While anti-imperialist sentiments had been prevalent in the United States during this time, the acquisition of the Philippines sparked the relatively minor population into action. As governor of Wisconsin, La Follette compiled a progressive record, implementing primary elections and tax reform. The Wisconsin Idea was the commitment of the University of Wisconsin under President Charles R. Van Hise, with LaFollette support, to use the university's powerful intellectual resources to develop practical progressive reforms for the state and indeed for the nation. Progressive Era 1900 - 1916 (Identify & Explain the significance of) Progressivism (p. 692) Were members that were from female reform. [255] In 1919, Theodore Roosevelt died and Wilson's health collapsed, leaving a void in top leadership. Close ties were built with the local business community, as in the "community chest" movement. William McKinley in 1897 had seemed to mark the end of an era of domestic turmoil and the beginning of a new period of unparalleled tranquility. This worksheet works on a number of different skill sets: reading comprehension, multiple choice questions, political cartoon analysis, and reading excerpt analysis. The banking system was transformed with the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913. Middle-class women formed local clubs, which after 1890 were coordinated by the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC). Progressive Era educators design the ideal school, 1907: A Milwaukee woman urges woman and child labor reform, 1899. Who decided who would be sterilized? William A. The Democrats lowered tariffs with the Underwood Tariff in 1913, though its effects were overwhelmed by the changes in trade caused by the World War that broke out in 1914. ", Dalton, Kathleen. He tried, without success, to lower the high protective tariff in Washington. The hurriedly created over thirty new corporations to replace Standard, plus several in tobacco. The Democrats were a minor factor in the state, but he did form coalitions with the active Socialist Party in Milwaukee. Gender, ethnic, business, labor, religion, Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration, Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration, History of women in the United States Progressive era: 19001940, National American Woman Suffrage Association, Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Initiatives and referendums in the United States, American urban history Progressive era: 1890s1920s, History of direct democracy in the United States, Direct Democracy League for initiative and referendum in California, "United States History. He voted to uphold state laws providing for minimum wages, workmen's compensation, and maximum work hours for women and children. Many believed that lynch law was a form of social justice, and that segregation was a brilliant plan to avoid strife. [264] This however ignores the violence and racism central to Klan ideology and activities, that had nothing to do with improving society, so much as enforcing racial hierarchies. Eventually 52 Kansas cities used the system. Labor unions, especially the American Federation of Labor (AFL), grew rapidly in the early 20th century, and had a Progressive agenda as well. Dewey Grantham, Southern Progressivism . [182] Another significant constitutional change that began during the progressive era was the incorporation of the Bill of Rights so that those rights would apply to the states. [6] For many progressives this meant prohibition of alcoholic beverages. Most Northern states followed suit, with reformers proclaiming grass roots democracy. Progressive Era Reforms and Anti Trust. They made it a point to also focus on family, education, and many other important aspects that still are enforced today. Wiebe, Robert. H. Feldman, "The Direct Primary in New York State", H. Edward Flentje, "The Political Roots of City Managers in Kansas", Gwendoline Alphonso, "Hearth and Soul: Economics and Culture in Partisan Conceptions of the Family in the Progressive Era, 19001920,", D'Ann Campbell, "Judge Ben Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement, 19011904,", Marc T. Law, "The Origins of State Pure Food Regulation,", Paige Meltzer, "The Pulse and Conscience of America" The General Federation and Women's Citizenship, 19451960,", Debra Reid, "Rural African Americans and Progressive Reform,", Dianne D. Glave, "'A Garden so Brilliant With Colors, so Original in its Design': Rural African American Women, Gardening, Progressive Reform, and the Foundation of an African American Environmental Perspective. Wilson used a similar moralistic tone when dealing with Mexico. The vogue for suicide in Progressive Era American literature represents the desire to thwart the very pro-natal and nativist politics that the Progressive Era seeks to maintain. Black parents donated land and labor to build improved schools for their children. He promoted a strong army and navy and attacked pacifists who thought democracy at home and peace abroad was best served by keeping America weak. The social conservatism of many rural residents also led them to resist attempts for change led by outsiders. ", Dewey W. Grantham, "The Contours of Southern Progressivism. [55] The book influenced contemporaneous progressive thought, shaping the ideas of many intellectuals and political leaders, including then ex-President Theodore Roosevelt. [4] Both of them invited Syed Fakhruddin Balley (known as Balley Alig)to join. The Progressive Party splits the Republican vote, so the Democrats' nominee, Woodrow Wilson, is elected president. The 16th amendment made an income tax legal (this required an amendment due to Article One, Section 9 of the Constitution, which required that direct taxes be laid on the States in proportion to their population as determined by the decennial census). To be honest I'm not completely understanding the "sterilization" what is it exactly? [138][139] George Washington Carver (18601943) was a leader in promoting environmentalism, and was well known for his research projects, particularly those involving agriculture. Senators and the first presidential primary in the United States. [24][25] Scientific management, as promulgated by Frederick Winslow Taylor, became a watchword for industrial efficiency and elimination of waste, with the stopwatch as its symbol. [118] Local public assistance programs were reformed to try to keep families together. For most white politicians racial equality wasn't really a prime concern, so sadly, things like the KKK and racial violence were just overlooked for other matters that were considered 'more important'. In 1913, the Anti-Saloon League first publicly appealed for a prohibition amendment. [220][221] In the South, especially in Texas, prohibition was a top priority of the Protestant progressives.[222][223]. It pitted the minority urban Catholic population against the larger rural Protestant element,[219] Progressivism's rise in the rural communities was aided by the general increase in public consciousness of social issues of the temperance movement, which achieved national success with the passage of the 18th Amendment by Congress in late 1917, and the ratification by three-fourths of the states in 1919. "Organized Crime: Challenge to the American." The Progressive movement was a political and social-reform movement that brought major changes to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Jack B. Rogers and Robert E. Blade, "The Great Ends of the Church: Two Perspectives". Attacks by Tarbell and others helped pave the way for public acceptance of the breakup of the company by the Supreme Court in 1911. Progressives around the country put up campaigns to push for an improvement in public education and to make education mandatory. [154], Insurgent Midwestern Republicans began promoting primaries starting in 1890 with Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin. In late 1917, Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment; it was ratified in 1919 and took effect in January 1920. The American Association for Highway Improvement was organized in 1910. As the industrial revolution took hold of the American economy and as mass production, alienation, and urbanization appeared to be unstoppable trends, Americans looked for solutions that could soften the effects of change without slowing down the engines of progress. It was led by local chapters of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, whose main goal was to impose prohibition. The period of US history from the 1890s to the 1920s is usually referred to as the. [10] Professionalization meant creating new career tracks in the universities, with hiring and promotion dependent on meeting international models of scholarship. The businessmen believed that economic rivalries were cause of war, and that extensive trade led to an interdependent world that would make war a very expensive and useless anachronism. by. Hope that helps! [107][108], Iowa had a mixed record. American life. They wrote for popular magazines to expose social and political sins and shortcomings. On the one hand, Roosevelt was acting to sabotage Taft's campaign promises. Their goal was to keep the various factions united for the fall campaign and minimize ticket-splitting. Congress enacted a law regulating railroads in 1887 (the Interstate Commerce Act), and one preventing large firms from controlling a single industry in 1890 (the Sherman Antitrust Act). [45], Wilson presided over the passage of his progressive New Freedom domestic agenda. Ohio took the lead in municipal reform. The Progressive Era was a time of great change and unrest. [7], Another theme was bringing to bear scientific, medical, and engineering solutions to reform local government, public education, medicine, finance, insurance, industry, railroads, churches, and much else. As president he introduced a comprehensive program of domestic legislation.