Which of the most popular athletes went to Ivy League schools? Those outings in 69 would turn out to be Adamsons last time in the big leagues, and his MLB career was over by age 21 with a 7.46 ERA in 11 games -- and zero wins. Chicago White Sox vice president Ken Williams, who is Black and a Stanford graduate, told USA Today in December: "The natural assumption is that it's a racial problem and it's easy to jump to that. It all depends on each individual player's standing, both academically and athletically, and in many cases, a junior college will end up being an ideal fit for the player for his first two years of higher education. Still, those we spoke to who participated in the program said the fellowship is merely a starting point. Players | Baseball Almanac. Virginia 6: 1B Pavin Smith, LHP Sean Doolittle, OF Chris Taylor, 1B Ryan Zimmerman, RHP Josh Sborz, OF Adam Haseley. AL East. He was the NL Cy Young Award runner-up in 78 and made the All-Star team in 81, the same year he captured the NLCS MVP and helped the Dodgers win the World Series. Winfield finished his career with stints with the Angels, Blue Jays, Twins and Indians, winning the 1992 title with Toronto, racking up 3,110 hits, 465 homers and a .283/.353/.475 slash line before retiring after 95 at age 43, having never played in the Minors. Davis, 3B Matt Chapman, C Chad Wallach, RHP Dylan Floro. No Gavin Lux -- big problem. Bane did go on to have a long and successful career as an MLB scout and front office executive, including a run as Angels scouting director from 2004-10, when he helped draft none other than Mike Trout in 09. After a shaky debut, Hooton was sent to Triple-A, where he excelled and earned a late-season callup, wrapping that year with two stellar September starts -- a 15-strikeout game and a shutout, both against the Mets. Only one White Sox pitcher had more 100 mph pitches in any appearance in the pitch-tracking era (since 2008) before Crochet did that. 1 overall) out of University of Southern CaliforniaDate of MLB debut: July 1, 1967. 4Consecutive trips Yan Gomes has made to the playoffs. Incaviglia hit 206 long balls in 12 big league seasons, but fell off dramatically right when he should have been reaching his peak and finished with a .246/.310/.448 line. I need to question my own assumptions, my own attitudes. He pitched well through his first 11 starts (4-4 with a 3.27 ERA) before losing steam by late August and finishing with an ERA of 5.01. ET. Jacob deGrom is an example of an even slower path, as he went in Round 9 of the 2010 Draft but didnt make the Majors until the middle of 14, in part due to injuries. "But I think someone's going to have to do it. Mississippi State 7: OF Hunter Renfroe, 1B Mitch Moreland, RHP Chris Stratton, 2B Adam Frazier, RHP Kendall Graveman, 1B Nate Lowe, RHP Brandon Woodruff. As of January, 2021, there are 13 active Ivy League alumni in the NFL, coming from Harvard, Penn, Yale, Princeton, and Cornell. When it comes to drafting players, Major League Baseball is quite different from other professional sports leagues. It's what you always face as the minority in the room.". He went on to win 171 games with a 3.84 ERA over 21 Major League seasons spent mostly with the Rangers and Astros. Among the Harvard graduates -- Bridich, Stearns of the Brewers, Silverman and Michael Hill of the Miami Marlins -- Hill, a Cuban American, is the lone minority. 9. He retired with 104 homers and a 99 OPS+ over 961 games in his 12-year career. Garrett Crochet, LHP: Selected by White Sox in 1st Round of 2020 Draft (No. He was 18 years and 246 days old at the time and threw a complete game vs. the Os, his first of three starts that month before being sent to Triple-A the rest of the year. How the internet helped crack the Astros sign-stealing case. Here's the complete list of how many active MLB players were on Opening Day rosters from every four-year school as well as junior colleges. Gehrig never pitched for the Yankees, but he enjoyed a remarkable career as the Bronx Bombers' first baseman. 4. Collins, who played quarterback at Columbia in addition to starring on the baseball field, was one of the greatest second basemen to ever play the game. The large majority of the first fellowship class continue working in the game today, according to LinkedIn profiles. Phillies: J.T. Koufax's career peaked with a run of six outstanding years from 1961 to 1966, before arthritis in his left elbow ended his career prematurely at age 30. Four or five days later, I was starting against Baltimore.. Both athletes recently announced their commitment to . There are three outfielders and one first baseman, second baseman and catcher making up the list. In 1996, DeRosa's decision was between signing a contract with the Braves, who selected him in the seventh round of the draft, or returning to Penn, where he was a two-sport star and an All-Ivy League quarterback for the Quakers' football team. Of those six teams, only one plays outside of the ACC and SEC. This menu represents the third phase of the college baseball project. A first-ballot inductee in 2001, Winfield is the only player on this list to make the Hall of Fame. Or will the pendulum swing back and will this fade as a distinct era in baseball operations? One of the fastest players in baseball, Perez made his major league debut on August 31, 2008, and singled in his first at bat. Vanderbilt stands heads and shoulders above every school when it comes to producing big leaguers in 2021. While he was better upon returning midseason (3.08 ERA in 12 starts), Prieto never managed to maintain any sustained success during his Oakland tenure because of injuries and ineffectiveness, thus becoming arguably the As biggest Draft regret. But what is notable is the predominance of Southeastern Conference teams as far as the teams with the most active big leaguers. Harvard University M.L.B. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. In 2020, just five (17%) of the top baseball operations executives graduated from public colleges. Enter your information to receive emails about offers, promotions from NCAA.com and our partners. Vanderbilt 11: SS Dansby Swanson, 2B Tony Kemp, OF Bryan Reynolds, OF Mike Yastrzemski, C Curt Casali, LHP Ben Bowden, RHP Jordan Sheffield, LHP Mike Minor, RHP Carson Fulmer, RHP Walker Buehler, LHP David Price. The Ivy League-educated, analytically based, PowerPoint-savvy individuals are being hired because they speak the same language as ownership groups. Larkin majored in economics and broke most of Gehrig's records at Columbia before being selected by the Minnesota Twins in the 20th round of the 1984 draft. Crochet's presence on this list is in part due to the circumstances of the 2020 season, with no Minor League season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Toronto Blue Jays. The Ivy League are a group of eight private Universities in the Northeastern United States. Now it appears they're just hiring their friends. Sanford Koufax (born December 30, 1935) is a former American professional baseball left-handed pitcher. associated, or connected in any way to Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Football League . No other team has more than eight active major leaguers on Opening Day. Fun fact: The two were teammates atop the 2009 Sharks' rotation with the big-hitting J.D. After going to the Indians with the second pick in 1970 out of Stanford on June 4, Dunning bypassed the Minors completely by starting only 10 days later. Darling majored in French and Southeast Asian history at Yale, where his stellar baseball career included a 1-0 loss to St. John's in which he didn't allow a hit for 11 innings. Today, many minorities and women working in the sport -- from on-field personnel to baseball operations staffers -- say the pendulum has swung the other way, with analytically driven executives, mostly white men, no longer representing a fresh approach to the game, but the predominant one. Louisiana State 8: RHP Riley Smith, OF JaCoby Jones, 2B DJ LeMahieu, 3B Alex Bregman, OF Andrew Stevenson, OF Jake Fraley, RHP Kevin Gausman, RHP Aaron Nola. No player has gone from the Draft to the Major Leagues faster than Roberts, who did so in barely more than 24 hours. His pitches included a 101.5 mph strikeout pitch, the fastest strikeout pitch by any White Sox player since '08. Andrew McCutchen (2005 Draft) and Christian Yelich (10), both climbed through the Minors progressively, and it still took them four and three years, respectively, to arrive. In basketball and football, particularly, and in some cases with top picks in hockey, players are more or less expected to contribute -- if not star -- in their respective pro league immediately after being picked. These are four MLB players who attended Ivy League schools. 2 overall) out of Wichita State UniversityDate of MLB debut: April 7, 1994. Minorities and women within the sport we spoke to said the Selig Rule doesn't do enough to address the systemic problems preventing minorities from getting their first job in the industry, let alone rising in the ranks of power. Jacksonville University baseball used a six-run sixth inning to take a lead it never relinquished, beating No. Theo Epstein is a Yale man who was in a leadership role for the two teams that broke the most storied World Series championship droughts in history -- the Red Sox and the Cubs. And as an Asian American baseball staffer explained, "The more we entrench ourselves in analytics, we're entrenching ourselves in by nature a more privileged group of job candidates who have the ability and financial ability to get into a school to learn data manipulation and things like that.". The Greatest Baseball Players Of All Time, The Best Players in the Baseball Hall of Fame. That said, he proved to be a dependable pinch-hitter and versatile defender who shuttled between third base, first base and corner outfield. Of the 58 percent enrolled in private colleges, just 10 percent are enrolled in Ivy League institutions. "There's so much that goes into making a big league player a big league player, and for Hispanic players, who are an important part of our game, being able to make them feel at home is so important," he said. We're trying to run it like a Fortune 500 company, and it just causes a very toxic, almost Wall Street-type environment. In 2018, the acceptance rate at Yale was 6.9%, with the cost of attendance in 2020 -- which includes tuition and living expenses -- estimated at $78,725. Fellow SEC-power Louisiana State is second with eight active big leaguers. Will Ng become the league's first female general manager? And remember: Both Pujols and deGrom were college draftees, a demographic that usually reaches The Show more quickly. Geoff Pontes and Kyle Glaser break down the 2022 World Series. "Baseball needs to do a better job of reaching out to minority communities," said the participant who now works in a front office as a baseball operations staffer. New York Giants offensive lineman Kevin Boothe started this year's Super Bowl after graduating from Cornell YouTube Zak DeOssie also won two Super Bowls with the Giants, and graduated from Brown. 4 overall) out of University of MinnesotaDate of MLB debut: June 19, 1973. Research from professors at Georgetown, George Washington, Emory and Iowa State in 2016 found that white position coaches and assistants were twice as likely to be promoted to coordinators than their Black peers. "We're missing that diversity to mirror it off the field.". Remlinger retired in 2006, one year after missing part of the season with a fracture suffered when his pinky was pinched between two recliners in the Cubs' clubhouse. Joon Lee , Passan: Buzzers, burner accounts and conspiracies: Inside a day of epic chaos. View Comments. 1 overall) out of Westchester High School (TX)Date of MLB debut: June 27, 1973. The Pennsylvania Quakers (17-11, 9-4 Ivy League) will attempt to extend an eight-game win streak when they hit the road to play the Princeton Tigers (18-8, 9-4 Ivy League) on Saturday, March 4 . 2023 NCAA | Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Pete Alonso's top highlights from CWS and NCAA tournament play, Colleges with the most first-round MLB draft picks, CyYoung winners who played college baseball, 2023 Shriner Children's College Classic: Schedule, how to watch, Jacksonville college baseball topples No. They have biases. Baseball didn't see its first Hispanic GM for another eight years, when the Montreal Expos hired Omar Minaya. He played in just six games that September (one start) and collected his first big-league knock. (Note: This list highlights players on60-man player pools, according to MLB team websites,as of July 21. "If I'm going to put my geek cap on, it's a statistical impossibility that every -- that the best candidate for every position in baseball is a middle-aged Caucasian male," San Francisco Giants president of baseball operations Farhan Zaidi, a 43-year-old Muslim Canadian American with Pakistani roots and a degree from MIT, said to PBS in 2015. Two years later, his once-promising career was over at age 31. You're not alone. "You can't have too many baseball guys. Rolfe retired in 1942 and coached baseball and basketball at Yale for four years before becoming the Detroit Tigers' farm system director. The Ivy League is suddenly a hotbed of pro athletes! A somewhat surprise mainstay in the Chicago Cubs starting rotation, Kyle Hendricks was a two-sport star at Capistrano Valley High School, excelling in baseball and golf. 1 pick. In fact, the righty slugger went deep against the Pirates -- and eventual Hall of Famer Bert Blyleven -- in that first game. ), NEXT LEVEL SUCCESS: CyYoung winners who played college baseball | MVPs who played college baseball. And that makes what Epstein said all the more instructive in defining and attempting to solve a major diversity problem in the sport as it stands in 2020. 11 overall) out of University of TennesseeDate of MLB debut: Sept. 18, 2020. World Series champion ( 2016) MLB ERA leader (2016) Kyle Christian Hendricks (born December 7, 1989), nicknamed " The Professor ", is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball (MLB). Tampa Bay Rays. At Princeton, Young was All-Ivy in both sports and was drafted by both the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Sacramento Kings. Chris Young, Princeton Chris Young of the Kansas City Royals pitches against the New York Yankees | Al Bello/Getty Images The 6-foot-10 Dallas native chose Princeton for more than its baseball program; Young was a star basketball player, too. Other women are rising through the game's ranks, including Eve Rosenbaum, a Harvard grad hired by the Orioles in January as director of baseball development. Four other programs Cal State Fullerton, LSU, Vanderbilt and North Carolina have15 or more players onMLB rosters. Winfield spent his first eight years with San Diego, making two All-Star Games and winning a pair of Gold Glove Awards, before signing a 10-year, $23 million free-agent deal with the Yankees -- the richest pro sports contract in history to that point. Arguably Ruthvens best season was 80, when he won a career-high 17 games with a 3.55 ERA and also pitched well in two postseason starts for a Phillies team that won it all. Darren Dreifort, RHP: Selected by Dodgers in 1st Round of 1993 Draft (No. He was one of the few left-handed pitchers who fared better against righties than lefties. The CAA, SoCon and Summit League are . Recalling the scene from the film Moneyball, when Billy Beane (played by Brad Pitt) has to choose between a scholarship to Stanford and the MLB draft As a position player, Beane quickly learned, his choice was not the right one. Forst, Woodfork and Colorado Rockies general manager Jeff Bridich all played on the same Harvard baseball teams. He made his MLB debut in 2014, and led MLB in earned run average for the 2016 season. Six conference tournaments will be in action Friday as the weekend arrives and we get closer to seeing the first automatic bids to the NCAA Tournament secured. 3. The junior was incredible in four games against Georgia, posting a .375/.375/1.063 slash line in 16 at-bats. Baseball Dave Winfield, OF: Selected by Padres in 1st Round of 1973 Draft (No. The well-traveled Texan has played for the Pirates, Padres, Nationals, and Rangers before his current stint with the Cincinnati Reds. He finished with a 41-71 mark and a 4.56 ERA over 963 frames. Do you think that attending a prestigious school helped these athletes to succeed in their chosen professions? The rest of Clydes career became a cautionary tale of pushing a young sensation too fast. 1 pick in 1974. The views on this page do not necessarily reflect the views of the NCAA or its member institutions. While that remained his career campaign, Olerud would go on to have three productive seasons after being traded to the Mets in December 1996, before signing with his hometown Mariners in December 1999 and spending 4 1/2 years in Seattle, including the record-setting 116-win 01 club. "There's a huge flaw in the system of forcing owners or GMs to interview minority candidates for high-level baseball jobs both on the field and off," said one Hispanic American League baseball operations staffer who graduated from an Ivy League school. Born without a right hand, Abbotts ability to overcome and succeed made him one of the more inspiring stories in baseball history. After a decorated collegiate career with the Golden Bears, including a .729 slugging percentage that surpassed Mark McGwires Pac-10 record, Nady was selected in the second round in 2000 by the Padres. His last MLB action came at 31 in three 2001 appearances with the Devil Rays, and Prieto wound up with a 4.85 ERA and a 1.66 WHIP over 352 1/3 career innings. " Since retiring with 136 career wins in 1995, Darling has become a fixture in the broadcast booth. Eligible for the 95 Draft, Prieto was picked fifth overall by Oakland, and after signing in late June, the 6-foot-3 right-hander bypassed the Minor Leagues to make his big league debut on July 2 at the age of 25. The Gators lead all programs with 19 players. The Cal State Fullerton Titans scored five runs in the bottom of the seventh to command No. Former teammate Reed Johnson told the New York Times last season that DeRosa is a little self-conscious about his Ivy League degree, but fits in just fine in the clubhouse. 4 overall) out of Valley High School (NV)Date of MLB debut: June 11, 1978. We're going to interview you, you're a Hispanic or African-American or you're a woman who could be in this conversation, but we're not even taking this seriously and we just need to check a box and we're going to check the box with you. 0:36. In 1949, Rolfe was named Tigers manager. Young chose the Bucs as they let him finish his classwork while playing in the minor leagues. 9. The Ivy League has had four-or-more players make MLB appearances in every season since 2000, including seven-or-more players in each of the past 12 years. More . Jim Abbott, LHP: Selected by Angels in 1st Round of 1988 Draft (No. Ranking colleges/universities by active MLB players & earnings. He hurt his shoulder in 75 and spent the year in Double-A, other than one September start with the Rangers. Steve Dunning, RHP: Selected by Indians in 1st Round of 1970 Draft (No. Dreifort did, however, transition to a starting role after a successful 97 in relief (2.86 ERA, 1.25 WHIP, 63 K's in 63 IP). Mike Morgan, RHP: Selected by Athletics in 1st Round of 1978 Draft (No. Anthony Mackie Says Steve Rogers Is Still Alive. He then spent all of 74 at Triple-A before making it back to Minnesota at the tail end of the ensuing season. Those we spoke to said the Wall Street culture, exemplified by the Astros, of valuing data and wins above all, has now spread across every front office. Statistics courtesy of ESPNand Baseball-Reference. Theycombine to make up over 31 percent of the college baseball players in Major League Baseball. * = was NAIA school when player attended. Share your thoughts in the comments section. The Ivy League creates a networking bubble for many in baseball. While at Dartmouth, Sclafani was a three-time All-Ivy First Team selection (2009, 2011-12) and a Collegiate Baseball Freshman All-American in 2009. In 2018, Ng interviewed for the top Mets job, which went to former agent and Stanford graduate Brodie Van Wagenen -- who had no previous experience working in a front office. Bane was solid in three of his first four starts that summer, before he transitioned to a relief role and struggled the rest of the way. Here's how WBC offenses stack up with MLB's best. Vanderbilt 11: SS Dansby Swanson, 2B Tony Kemp, OF Bryan Reynolds, OF Mike Yastrzemski, C Curt Casali, LHP Ben Bowden, RHP Jordan. It backfired in Conroys case, too, as the Pennsylvania prepster made two shaky starts in June 1978 but then didnt make it back to Oakland again until 82. The St. Louis Cardinals carry Ryan Helsley, Miles Mikolas, and Daniel Ponce de Leon. The growing homogeneity of front offices is directly tied to the exclusivity and expense of attending schools that all but qualify a graduating student for successfully pursuing a job in baseball. His best year came in the strike-shortened 1981 season, when he hit .301 for the White Sox. 8 overall) out of University of MichiganDate of MLB debut: April 8, 1989. Possessor of a funky, old-time delivery, Ohlendorf has a career record of 30-41 with an ERA of 4.81. He got a hit in his first at-bat and went 9-for-29 (.310) in his first 10 games with Milwaukee, but it quickly went south. Pete Broberg, RHP: Selected by Senators in 1st Round of 1971 Draft (No. -- Theo Epstein. Listen. While were at it, former Mets hurler and current broadcaster, Ron Darling (Yale), is no slouch. Ellis was picked third by the Brewers in the June secondary phase of the 1971 Draft, after the Michigan native had turned down the Giants, who selected him in the 34th round in 68, to play at Michigan State. We want to be the most forward-thinking organization.". "With that comes a loss of feel, because the more that you're dealing with real people, the more that feel is important, the more that the appreciation for the human being playing the game is important.". Rob Ellis, 3B/OF: Selected by Brewers in 1st Round of 1971 Draft (No. With a maximum of 1,800 spots available, 807are currently occupied by athletes who played college baseball. All of the Yale graduates running teams, including Epstein, Bloom, Mike Elias of the Baltimore Orioles and James Click of the Astros, who replaced Luhnow, are white men. A 2017 story on IvyLeague.com detailed the paths of A's general manager David Forst, a Harvard graduate; Diamondbacks assistant general manager Peter Woodfork, a Harvard graduate; and Cleveland Indians general manager Mike Chernoff, a Princeton graduate, toward jobs in big league front offices. Taken three picks after Horner in the 1978 Draft, Morgan actually beat Horner to The Show by five days, while also becoming the first of three high schoolers to go straight to the Majors after being drafted that year. At 21, Winfield jumped to the Majors two weeks after going fourth overall in the 1973 MLB Draft. Traded to the Dodgers on May 2, 1975, Hooton went from good to very good, as he posted a 112-84 record with a 3.14 ERA and a 1.18 WHIP over 10 years in Los Angeles. WEST PALM BEACH, Fla. It took 2 hours, 19 minutes for the Miami Marlins to beat the Houston Astros 4-3 in a spring training game Monday a game so . Note that the list also includes players who appeared in the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, which is not universally considered a major league. But since the whole Harvard thing is a big part of Linsanity, it's worth noting that Jeremy Lin isn't the only Ivy Leaguer currently playing in the pros. If any player could make sense of such a statement, it's one of these guys. It's not that minorities don't graduate from Ivy League schools: For example, according to a 2015 Harvard Crimson survey of students enrolled in the Class of 2019, 23.5% identified as Asian, 12.5% identified as Hispanic, 11.2% identified as Black, 6.5% identified as South Asian and 1.4% identified as American Indian. Baseball's equivalent, the Selig Rule -- named after Manfred's predecessor as commissioner, Bud Selig -- requires teams to interview a minority candidate for any managerial or front-office opening. Doug Glanville , "As more Ivy League graduates found their way into front offices, networks began to develop that helped younger alums find jobs," the story reads. That grammatical pause helps explain how racism thrives. DEBATE CONTINUES OVER the effectiveness of the NFL's Rooney Rule, which requires teams to interview a minority for every head-coaching opening or senior operations position. Mike Adamson, RHP: Selected by Orioles in 1st Round of 1967 Draft (No. That led the Tampa Bay bullpen. More talented players are choosing Ivys so there could be more Ivy pros in the Future. Here are the former college baseball players by playoff team, listed by the school's current affiliation in the DII. Throughout the 256-page book, he reiterates his disdain for the two Ivy League schools and how he viewed them as damaging to his political career when he ran for Congress in 2012. After an accomplished run at Michigan that included winning the 1987 Golden Spikes Award as the top collegiate baseball player in the country and the James E. Sullivan Award as the nations top amateur athlete, he was selected eighth overall by the Angels in 88 and signed that August. Baseball Almanac is pleased to present "The Colleges", an ongoing research project that lists every player from specific colleges who appeared in at least one college baseball game and made it to the major league level. That's almost more disrespectful than not interviewing anybody at all.". 79 overall) out of Washington State UniversityDate of MLB debut: Sept. 3, 1989. As Morgan, a Nevada prep product, once put it: I graduated from high school and went on a senior trip. While Adamson began the next year with the Os, he only managed six relief appearances before going back down to Rochester for the rest of the year. NBA player Jeremy Lin graduated from Harvard University in 2010. Wayne Cavadi has covered all things Division II sports for NCAA.com since 2016. It shouldn't just be Theo Epstein saying it's a problem when it's convenient for him to say it's a problem," said the diversity fellowship recipient. I need to question my own assumptions, my own attitudes." Sports are the (only) priority. Phoenix have won ten out of their last 14 games against Chicago. Rolfe was fired in the middle of the 1952 season and returned to Dartmouth as the school's athletic director from 1954-1967. 6 Sunshine State Conference players represented on MLB playoff team rosters. The list is broken down into a page of each letter to reduce . 1 overall) out of Fresno StateDate of MLB debut: April 17, 1973, Chosen eighth overall by the Twins in the 1972 Draft, Ruthven did not sign, but the Phillies took him at No. Indeed, the only graduate from an Ivy school running a front office at the time was Oakland Athletics GM Sandy Alderson, a Dartmouth alum, and more than half of the teams were run by former players. No. He played for the Giants, Mariners, Braves, and Angels in 2022. He was so athletically advanced, in fact, that Winfield became the first person in history to be drafted by four different leagues: MLB (Padres), NFL (Vikings), NBA (Hawks) and the now-defunct ABA (Utah Stars). faking injuries and intentionally pitching poorly, did not want to play in the Minor Leagues, players who didnt sign after being drafted previously, make his first few pro starts with the Rangers, the highest attendance figures at Arlington Stadium all season, first person in history to be drafted by four different leagues, richest pro sports contract in history to that point. He made the Twins' big league roster in 1987 and was a member of Minnesota's first World Series championship team that year. Rays hurler Blake Snell captured the inaugural MLB The Show Players League championship, sweeping White Sox counterpart Lucas Giolito with three straight victories to claim the best-of-five virtual World Series. In other words, six of the top nine schools in terms of active MLB alumni are SEC schools. 2 overall) out of Stanford UniversityDate of MLB debut: June 14, 1970.
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