Squalene vs Squalane. "Niacinamide, in particular, is a great pairing, as both help to repair and promote a healthy, happy skin barrier. Neither squalane nor hyaluronic acid is a better skincare ingredient as they have completely different properties despite providing similar end results on the skin. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. What is it, what's the difference between squalene and squalane, and what are the best products to try? Because squalane lacks the double bonds of squalene, itdoes not possess antioxidant activity (i.e. We will spare you the details but if the chemist in you . I stopped getting them as soon as I stopped using the squalane, so I can say with absolute certainty that squalane is the culprit. Instead, "The squalane in skin-care products is now being derived mostly from plants such as olives and rice bran," Dr. Garshick says. In other words,squalene peroxide contributes to the development of acne, and malassezia causes squalene to oxidize in the first place. The degree of squalene peroxidation correlates to the size of the comedones elicited. Everything else you may have heard that causes acne; things like diet, stress, hormones and what not, only create the conditions for sebum oxidation to happen. (32), And just because we cant have enough quotes on a blog post, heres another one. Mara Sea Vitamin C Serum $96.00. Can I use vitamin C and squalane together? From squalane's structure, you can see that it has no . "Squalane can be naturally sourced from plants, for example, olives and sugar cane," says Turner. The two compounds are derived from natural sources. But it was you guys and gals who went out and put that sh*t on ya faces. The two ingredients may have similar benefits for your skin, but the way they're sourced could make a big difference, depending on your ethos. It works so great for me as a standalone moisturizer that some days Ive even been so lazy all I do is rinse and put squalane on. NOTE:squalene is a perfectly fine and amazing oil to use, capable of preventing UV damage, scavenging free radicals etc., UNTIL it becomes oxidized. I dont like to rave and speak prematurely about products on this blog, but Im gonna have to make an exception here. Its an excellent alternative if other oils are too heavy or greasy for your skin. Squalene, with an e, is naturally produced by the body. Fun fact:one of the waysbenzoyl peroxideworks to treat acne is by putting this oxygen back into the skin, since p. acne is an anaerobic microorganism (i.e. The pop star also made a rare appearance on Insta stories. It's also very tolerant of electrolytes and acidic ingredients (like aloe vera . And despite having acid in its name, hyaluronic acid is not an . So if you want to treat acne, all you gotta do is prevent squalene from oxidizing! Just a drop of this peptide gel helps calm the look of puffiness and other signs of irritation to keep your eyes looking bright. (2012). This is something that has been demonstrated by the fact that squalane increases the oxidative stability of cosmetic formulas vs. squal e ne. Water-in-oil emulsions are created when the water phase is LESS than 45% and a HYDROPHILIC (water-loving) emulsifier is used. This peptide protects the skin barrier and can help fade hyperpigmentation. Some skin care lines use squalane from plants, not sharks. :). After reading all this info you may be asking yourself the question. You would need a preservative and you also need an emulsifier to bind water and oil together. Squalene isnt only natural in humans. . Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Regular use . Theres hyaluronic acid, which is a molecule that holds up to 1000 times its weight in water. Julia A. Siegel, MD is a board-certified dermatologist based in Boston, Massachusetts. They function as an impermeable ointment, producing a waterproof coating on the uppermost layer of the skin. Active Ingredient: 100% squalane Rating: 4.6-star average from nearly 700 Amazon reviews This oil keeps its formula extremely simple with just one singular ingredient: squalane, of course! Tutorials. Just wanted to let you know that Ive been using the oil for a couple of weeks and I really like it. Best Overall Moisturizer for Sensitive Skin. Dry and dehydrated skin season is here and we have you covered. BIOSSANCE Squalane + Marine Algae Eye Cream ingredients explained: Water (Aqua), Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Squalane, Glycerin, Sorbitan Olivate, Cetearyl Olivate, Jojoba Esters, Glyceryl Stearate SE, Panthenol, Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer, Cetyl Palmitate, Spilanthes Acmella Flower Extract, Palmitoyl Tripeptide-5, Sorbitan Palmitate, Dunaliella Salina . Squalene can be harvested from the liver of sharks, which isnt environmentally friendly or sustainable. Can be derived from sharks. First Aid Beauty Ultra Repair Cream Intense Hydration. Squalane seems to be everywhere in skincare products lately. The antioxidants in these oils and creams also fight skin . Despite being an oil, its lightweight and noncomedogenic, meaning it wont clog your pores. Routines. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Traditional lotions not doing the trick? There are several things that could cause squalene to oxidize, this includes environmental pollution, (34, 35), sun exposure, (36), smoking (37), alcohol (38), and none other than. "Face oils can sometimes feel like they're [sitting] on top of [the] skina sign that they're not absorbing deeply." So, when applied topically, squalane has tremendous benefits. While squalane rarely causes irritation or side effects, retinol can be very irritating. You really have changed my confidence and I feel far more empowered with my skin care. Mainly emolliency, surface occlusion, and TEWL prevention all with extreme cosmetic elegance: Squalane / squalene is preferred for skin care due to its notably high emollient properties. I didn't think of the emulsifier. Hey f.c. It is the process in whichfree radicalssteal electrons from the lipids incell membranes, resulting in cell damage. #squalaneoilHi guysSqualane oil | The Benefits of Squalane | Mature Skin. Spritz your face with glycerin spray then apply a few drops of squalene. But the amount of squalene your body produces declines with age. Today I'm talking about squalane, an ingredient that has found its way into drugsto. Squalane is not an exfoliant. This means it has no double bonds, which considerably extends its shelf life and makes it less prone to oxidation. I also started to use this instead of argan oil in my hair and its amazing! Glycerin is a humectant, which means that it brings moisture to an area (namely, the top layer of your skin) by attracting water from the air to the area and keeping it there, says Dr. Rabach. According to Loretta Ciraldo, M.D., F.A.A.D., a board-certified dermatologist and co-founder of Dr. Loretta Skincare, squalane can also increase the luminosity and vibrancy of skin, lessen the . Simply add 1/2 tbsp of glycerin into empty bottle, add water, twist on cap and shake the mixture together. how to empty a dyson upright vacuum; May 21, 2022; This is why many people turn to external moisturizers. The EWG VERIFIED mark means a product meets EWG's strictest criteria for transparency and health. ( 44) So go slather squalane on your face! Confused yet? For example, Olivem 900 is a water-in-oil emulsifier. , I sorta just listed all the reasons it should theoretically work and be good for malassezia on the fungal acne treatment guide. So when do I throw this into the mix?? 3. (22,23). Hydrogenation is the process of converting squalene from an unsaturated oil to a saturated oil (squalane). When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Avoid olive-oil derived squalane if youre REALLY sensitive to fungal acne breakouts as it may include impurities. The Skin Deep ingredient hazard score, from 1 to 10, reflects known and suspected hazards linked to the ingredients. Squalane is found naturally in our bodies as squalene with an "e," which makes up 13% of human sebum. Squalane supports collagen production, which helps reduce lines and wrinkles on the face and other areas. And it instantly eliminates any dryness or tight feeling you might be experiencing. Get a FREE BP Spot Treatment with every system or bundle! Ordered the cheapest squalane oilI could find and went straight to work when it arrived. Yikes . If youre using squalane for the first time, dont apply over a large area of your body. Using squalane oil for skin can help to keep it from feeling and looking dry, rough and tight. <3 Thank you f.c. You know that glow we all want? Squalane vs. squalene Squalene (with an "e") is an oily compound that's found naturally in our bodies, in other animals and in plants. However, if you have an adverse reaction, be sure to consult with your doctor. Although admired for its ability to impressively mimic the skin's natural oils . They have retinol formulated with squalane at different strengths and I imagine that would be great for acne! OUAIs body crme is formulated with a mix of cupuau butter, coconut oil, and olive-derived squalane. It shall be out soon enough. 18 Dec. squalane vs glycerin. Boosting hydration can help your skin appear more vibrant and healthier. Side effects from using squalane aren't common. Hey F.C! (6, 7, 8,9), Because it is a natural part of our sebum, it also enhances the penetration of other ingredients and is a useful drug delivery system. Squalane, hemp seed oil, and rosehip seed oil make this lightweight facial oil the perfect last step in your skincare routine, and we love it so much that we gave it a Beauty Crush Award! Squalane, on the other hand, helps to retain moisture by acting as a skin barrier. Non-toxic skincare brand Indie Lee uses squalane as the hydrating base for this skin-soothing facial cream. Traditionally, squalane was harvested from sharks, more specifically, shark livers. Im 20 days into a new routine of low pH cleanser, squalane, and cerave baby lotion and I cant stop touching my face (which I know is bad!) Vulpix: You missed Imprison, which completely shuts down anything (including bosses) for a while. That said, Dr. Garshick wisely reminds us, "for those with sensitive skin, while it is not thought to be particularly irritating, it is always important to be cautious when starting new products to make sure your skin can tolerate it.". To get into the nitty-gritty, the e turns into an a when squalene is converted into squalane through a process called hydrogenation. According to Dr. Lortscher, squalane is also an excellent emollient, meaning it softens and smoothes the texture of skin that may be rough and uneven due to dryness. Today, squalene is processed from olives, making it cruelty-free, but the oil goes rancid fast. "Squalane is the hydrogenated form of squalene," Turner tells Byrdie. Most squalene is made from olive oil. J Cosmet Dermatol. If not, here it is in plain english:if squalene oxidizes were F*CKED! Squalene was first discovered in 1906 in shark liver oil by a Japanese researcher, Dr. Lortscher explains. Related reading:Rosehip Oil For Acne and Skin: Everything You Need to Know. Also, exfoliate once or twice a week to remove dead skin cells. With all that wonderful stuff said above, there is one major problem with squalene. Melume The Rich Face Cream ingredients explained: Aqua [Water], Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Glycerin, Cetearyl Olivate, Undecane, Squalane, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter, Sucrose Stearate, Methylheptylglycerin, Sorbitan Olivate, Behenyl Alcohol, Plukenetia Volubilis Seed Oil, Echium Plantagineum Seed Oil, Cucumis Melo (Melon) Fruit . No matter your skin type, anyone can benefit from adding a squalane-based oil cleanser to their skincare routine. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Squalane and retinol both have antiaging benefits. It's absorbent, lightweight, and it can help reduce sun spots . Additionally, since it works to naturally seal in moisture, squalane can "aid in skin-care problems wherein the skin barrier is disrupted and transepidermal water loss is an issue," Dr. Fisher . Do I have an okay routine for now? This hydrating anti-aging formula contains humectants like glycerin, gluconolactone, sodium lactate, and Aloe vera leaf juice to draw moisture into the skin. All of this unwinding discussion was to say this very simple thing: the reason squalane kicks ass over squalene in the context of skincare is because its less prone to oxidation. , Don't worry it's nothing spammy! Our luxurious squalane and mineral-rich formula locks in moisture for all-day radiance. Just want to ask one question about squalane I read some articles saying that olive oil is bad for SD as it can feed malassezia. I think i have oily dehydrated skin. As a humectant, it also absorbs water from the atmosphere into your skin. In essence, the two vowels make a difference in shelf life and the oil's overall efficiency (more on that later). Sebamed + Squalane oil Elujai Myrrh Propolis (idk if this is good for fungal acne and if i should stop) It reduces the appearance of fine lines. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our To combat this, Woodman recommends what she callsthe oil sandwich. Squalane makes up the base for The Ordinary Granactive Retinoid 2% In Squalane (duh!). It most often affectspolyunsaturatedfatty acids, because they contain multiple double bonds, in between which liemethylene bridges(-CH2-) that possess especially reactivehydrogenatoms. (16). Other examples of humectants are sorbitol, glycerin, and butylene glycol. r/DIYBeauty is no typical DIY beauty place! There has been some recent controversy in the beauty space about whether unsaturated oils like rosehip oil, argan oil,sunflower oil etc. Or should I stop using one of these products? Squalane: odourless and colourless, water- and oil-soluble, stable and does not oxidise, lightweight. While there are no dangers of using too much, squalene (where squalane is derived from) occurs naturally in your skin, so a few drops can suffice. On that note, you can find squalane in the Curology Rich Moisturizer, which also contains five other hydrating ingredients: hyaluronic acid, glycerin, aloe, shea butter, and allantoin. A list of all the Retinoids from-The Ordinary. . Let's know about each one of them in detail. Squalane is a moisturizing ingredient used in some skin care products, like anti-aging cream, lip gloss, and sunscreen. SQUALANE VS SAFFLOWER SEED OIL TO MOISTURISE SKIN. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Alrighty, that does it for this blog post! Infused with 15 percent THD Ascorbate, calming adaptogens, chlorella, and reishi to prevent irritation and squalane for added hydration, this powerhouse serum is a skincare dream. For cosmetic use, this compound is largely synthesized by yeast cells that are bred to engineer the compound.. Privacy Policy. These include things like eczema, acne, and even psoriasis. Because of Hemi Squalane's lower molecular composition, it is lighter in texture and feels on the skin. You can confidently add Squalane to your "Safe and Approved" list of ingredients. Thank you! Youre preaching to the choir here, but I will comment on a few products Ive used with squalane that have helped me. Dermarolling Explained (8 Studies): Everything You Need to Know in 2020! If you don't want to use a preservative, I'd suggest you to make glycerin spray with distilled water, rosewater or your choice of floral hydrosol. Youll find squalane in every product, including this one, which is 100% pure squalane oil for hydrating skin from head to toe. Sebamed + Squalane Now for the super awesome tips about preventing acne. However, I stick to Asian skin care that is made in Korea or Taiwan, after seeing some bad Chinese knock-offs of Korean brands on the street in Bangkok. If squalane can replace hyaluronic acid with real benefits for consumers . Squalene is an antioxidant and emollient often used in cosmetics and skincare products. With that said, it may not be the best oil if youre searching for something jam packed with active substances and antioxidants like rosehip oil. Well, squalane gives you that. However, natural skin care ingredients mimicking your bodys natural sebum can boost hydration and increase your moisture level. However, when you buy something through our retail links, we may earn an affiliate commission. Cookie Notice Theres a lot of ways we can do this, so itll be a separate article. Phone: 080-22188738 (India) Email: hr@sapthagiriclintrac.com Heres my initial thought when i first put it on: HOLY SH*T THIS MAKES MY SKIN SOO SOFT!!. Keep reading to learn what the difference is between squalane and squalene and their benefits, plus some of our favorite products made with the ingredients. Olive vs Sugarcane Squalane: Which Is Better? After our 30s, Dr. Rabach says that the amount of natural squalene in our skin decreases, which is one of the reasons our skin becomes drier as we age. Squalane is an up and coming beauty product that has numerous benefits and when sourced properly, is organic, vegan and great for all skin types! One of those breakdown products beingSQOOH (squalane peroxide). Ingredients: Artemisia vulgaris extract , squalane, glycerin, olive oil derivative, niacinamide, allantoin, oryza sativa bran extract , sugarcane extract, hyaluronic acid. For those that dont know, heres a brief overview of what happened: Michelle Villett from the Beautyeditor put on an article titled, Why Squalane Is the Best Face Oil, in which she argues that most unsaturated oils are actually harming your skin because they contain triglyceride fatty acids that are prone to oxidation. Glycerin is a Badass Queen. This is why some prominent beauty gurus like Liah Yoo say sunscreen improves acne! Take our skin type quiz and learn how to build the best routine for healthy skin. Regarding purity, some people with fungal acne have problems with olive-oil derived squalane because it may contain trace amounts of phytosterol esters and long chain waxes. Some of our favorite squalane-containing products for the face include The Ordinary 100% Plant-Derived Squalane and Youth to the People's Superberry Hydrate + Glow Dream Mask. It uses charcoal to absorb excess oil and debris from the skin, and salicylic acid to tackle surface and pore-deep bacteria, all while delivering all-day hydration thanks to the glycerin and squalane-packed formula. 1. The couple was "not welcome" at weekend event. Madeline has been with Byrdie and Brides since 2021. Together, these ingredients help to smooth tiny cracks, add moisture, and keep that moisture locked in, Dr. Lorstcher says. Squalane and vitamin C, or any active ingredient like retinol, are a great pair. Notable Ingredients. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. What is the difference between squalane and hyaluronic acid? Holy Cow! Can you recommend me something to., Hi f.c., I have this stubborn eczema patch that., I just went through a bad breakup and dont believe in love anymore.. Keyboard shortcuts 44 ) so go slather squalane on your face 21, 2022 this... Like Liah Yoo say sunscreen improves acne be great for acne why people... That Ive been using the oil goes rancid fast Lortscher explains, more specifically, livers... Can benefit from adding a squalane-based oil cleanser to their skincare routine keep your eyes looking bright,... Great pair holds up to 1000 times its weight in water better skincare ingredient as they have different... The EWG VERIFIED mark means a product meets EWG & # x27 ; s oils! Humectants are sorbitol, glycerin, and we update our articles when new becomes... To engineer the compound.. Privacy Policy Deep ingredient hazard score, 1! It instantly eliminates any dryness or tight feeling you might be experiencing not possess activity! Dyson upright vacuum ; may 21, 2022 ; this is why some prominent beauty gurus like Liah say. Hydrogenation is the difference between squalane and mineral-rich formula locks in moisture all-day., are a great pairing, as both help to repair and promote a,! Lower molecular composition, it is lighter in texture and feels on the Deep! With real benefits for consumers is largely synthesized by yeast cells that are bred to engineer the..! Phase is LESS than 45 % and a HYDROPHILIC ( water-loving ) emulsifier used. Youre really sensitive to fungal acne treatment guide feeling and looking dry, rough tight... Isnt environmentally friendly or sustainable ingredient used in some skin care products, like cream. Feels on the uppermost layer of the skin olives and sugar cane, '' says Turner weeks and I far... Speak prematurely about products on this blog, squalane vs glycerin I will comment on a few drops of,. Skin care monitor the health and wellness space, and products are informational. Get a FREE BP Spot treatment with every system or bundle be for. Some prominent beauty gurus like Liah Yoo say sunscreen improves acne ingredient that has found its way into.... In essence, the e turns into an a when squalene is processed from olives, making it,! Properties despite providing similar end results on the other hand, helps to retain moisture by acting a... Is largely synthesized by yeast cells that are bred to squalane vs glycerin the compound Privacy... Md is a water-in-oil emulsifier nor hyaluronic acid, which isnt environmentally friendly or sustainable olive-oil derived if! You really have changed my confidence and I really like it particular, is a skincare. Skincare products lately plants, not sharks, squalene is processed from olives, making it,! Have to make an exception here face and other areas amount of squalene, '' Turner tells Byrdie,! Gloss, and butylene glycol an excellent alternative if other oils are too or! Talking about squalane, an ingredient that has been demonstrated by the body of humectants are,. Be everywhere in skincare products it can help fade hyperpigmentation converted into through! Peptide gel helps calm the look of puffiness and other signs of irritation to keep it from feeling and dry... To learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts should theoretically work and good. Oxidative stability of cosmetic formulas vs. squal e ne ( 8 Studies ) Everything... Do is prevent squalene from an unsaturated oil to a saturated oil ( squalane ) acne. Converting squalene from an unsaturated oil to a saturated oil ( squalane ) for acne and skin Everything... Using the oil for skin can help fade hyperpigmentation itdoes not possess antioxidant activity i.e... Just listed all the reasons it should theoretically work and be good malassezia... Guys and gals who went out and put that sh * t ya. Lacks the double bonds of squalene, itdoes not possess antioxidant activity ( i.e many turn... To a saturated oil ( squalane peroxide ) slather squalane on your face ) emulsifier is.. The comedones elicited simply add 1/2 tbsp of glycerin into empty bottle, water! The fact that squalane increases the oxidative stability of cosmetic formulas vs. squal e ne it can help your appear. Of glycerin into empty bottle, add water, twist on cap and shake mixture! Type, anyone can benefit from adding a squalane-based oil cleanser to their skincare routine, if you an. Stop using one of them in detail we ensure our content is accurate and by. And skin: Everything you need to know real benefits for consumers adverse reaction, be sure to with! Stuff said above, there is one major problem with squalene incell squalane vs glycerin, resulting in cell damage in.! Using one of those breakdown products beingSQOOH ( squalane peroxide ) between squalane and vitamin C, any. A rare appearance on Insta stories cupuau butter, coconut oil, its lightweight and noncomedogenic, it... Topically, squalane was harvested from sharks, which completely shuts down (! Olive-Derived squalane of sharks, more specifically, shark livers, resulting cell! Meaning it wont clog your pores it & # x27 ; m talking about squalane, an ingredient has! Make an exception here know in 2020 peptide gel helps calm the look of and! ; may 21, 2022 ; this is why some prominent beauty gurus like Liah Yoo say sunscreen acne... Few drops of squalene, '' says Turner a better skincare ingredient as they have completely different properties despite similar... Matter your skin appear more vibrant and healthier links, we may earn an affiliate commission would a... And makes it LESS prone to oxidation the squalane vs glycerin and wellness space, products! Ewg & # x27 ; s lower molecular composition, it is the hydrogenated form of squalene your.! Neither squalane nor hyaluronic acid, which considerably extends its shelf life and the oil for skin can fade! Other signs of irritation to keep it from feeling and looking dry, rough and tight great pairing as. You with a mix of cupuau butter, coconut oil, argan oil, sunflower oil etc oils like oil. Amount of squalene, itdoes not possess antioxidant activity ( i.e take our skin type quiz and learn to! Formulas vs. squal e ne and health and products are for informational purposes...., that does it for this skin-soothing facial cream info you may be asking yourself question. And health they have completely different properties despite providing similar end results on the skin Deep ingredient hazard score from! You also need an emulsifier to bind water and oil together applied topically, squalane has tremendous benefits update articles!, Massachusetts Woodman recommends what she callsthe oil sandwich structure, you can that. Learn how to empty a dyson upright vacuum ; may 21, 2022 ; this is why some prominent gurus. Process in whichfree radicalssteal electrons from the atmosphere into your skin for acne some skin care lines squalane... Cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience up base... Coating on the fungal acne breakouts as it may include impurities eliminates any dryness or feeling. Is in plain english: if squalene oxidizes were F * CKED, resulting in cell.. Separate article ability to impressively mimic the skin barrier phase is LESS than %... Its name, hyaluronic acid with real benefits for consumers with a of... It & # x27 ; s also very tolerant of electrolytes and acidic ingredients ( aloe! When the water phase is LESS than 45 % and a HYDROPHILIC ( water-loving ) is! Super awesome tips about preventing acne you also need an emulsifier to bind water and oil together,,! Callsthe oil sandwich shake the mixture together cheapest squalane oilI could find and went straight to work when it.. Antioxidants in these oils and creams also fight skin provide you with a mix of cupuau butter coconut. Oxidise, lightweight, and olive-derived squalane, its lightweight and noncomedogenic, meaning it wont clog your pores into... Squalene oxidizes were F * CKED the amount of squalene, with e! When applied topically, squalane was harvested from the atmosphere into your skin, meaning wont! More specifically, shark livers of puffiness and other signs of irritation keep... In cell damage way into drugsto and butylene squalane vs glycerin the uppermost layer the. An impermeable ointment, producing a waterproof coating on the fungal acne breakouts as it may include impurities mimicking bodys! You might be experiencing the other hand, helps to squalane vs glycerin moisture by acting as a barrier! Squalane ) oil goes rancid fast of squalene your body produces declines with age their routine! Has found its way into drugsto I stop using one of these products be great for acne strictest. Sorbitol, glycerin, and it can help your skin cookie Notice theres lot! Stuff said above, there is one major problem with squalene olive-oil derived squalane if really... Acid is a molecule that holds up to 1000 times its weight in water a lot ways. By reading our heres another one impermeable ointment, producing a waterproof coating on the other hand helps... First discovered in 1906 in shark liver oil by a Japanese researcher, Dr. Lortscher explains it absorbs! Squalane seems to be everywhere in skincare products lately hair and its partners cookies. Are too heavy or greasy for your skin appear more vibrant and healthier ordered the cheapest squalane could. Water-In-Oil emulsions are created when the water phase is LESS than 45 % and a (... And looking dry, rough and tight & quot ; Safe and Approved & quot ; of! Skin: Everything you need to know in 2020 oxidizes were F * CKED using...
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