Flight 841 originated in Tel Aviv, stopped in Athens and was scheduled to make stops in Rome and New York. ''It never occurred to me that they would have tested this very same plane and found similar happenings and not tell us about it,'' said Landon Dowdey, a Washington lawyer who represented Gibson during the safety board`s investigation. Several passengers told of feeling pressure and of an inability to draw breath as the plane accelerated wildly. The extension of the N0. We did an online interview about a year ago and he . Microscopic examination of the fragments found that the velocity at which they traveled when they came into contact with the bag could only have been caused by a bomb. En route stops were scheduled at Athenai Airport in Athens, Greece, Photo: 48 Years Ago Today TWA Flight 841 Was Bombed Over The Ionian Sea, National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Thursday mid-day, 5Apr79 -- "Reporters were permitted to inspect the plane" FAA, airline, and NTSB spokesmen hailed the Pilots as heroes. She, too, was praying. The plane was cruising in cloud at an altitude of 18,000 ft (5,486 m) and was expected to arrive in Cuenca at 8 am. Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport, "Distance Between Cities Places On Map Distance Calculator", "11 Years After Plane Took A Dive, Pilot Tries To Clear His Reputation", "The Plane That Fell From The Sky (Full Version) TWA 841", "FindLaw's United States Ninth Circuit case and opinions", U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, GIBSON v NTSB (appeal dismissed--lack of jurisdiction), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWA_Flight_841_(1979)&oldid=1133958981. [1], The crew, Capt. An event that impacted the dynamics of global politics and inspired the increase in terrorism. Barry Werth, 31 Days: Gerald Ford, The Nixon Pardon and a Government in Crisis (New York: Anchor Books). On April 4, 1979, TWA Flight 841 departed New York John F. Kennedy Airport (JFK) for MinneapolisSaint Paul International Airport (MSP) in Minnesota. 2, 3, and 6 slats, and the captain's untimely flight control inputs to counter the roll resulting from the slat asymmetry. Some released American passengers by the hijackers of the American TWA Boeing arrive at Houari Boumedienne . The highjacking of Trans World Airlines (TWA) flight 847. Everyone anticipated tuning into the largest ever simulcasted concert event, Live Aid. On September 8, 1974, a Boeing 707-331B (registered N8734) operating as TWA Flight 841 from Tel Aviv to New York City via Athens and Rome crashed into the Ionian Sea, killing all aboard.The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the plane had been destroyed by a bomb hidden in the cargo hold. Journalist - Mark is an experienced travel journalist having published work in the industry for more than seven years. With a weak central Lebanese government, they were allowed to set up armed militias. The Boeing 707 crashed during take off on runway 25 at Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport, Rome at 13:09 GMT on a flight to Athens International Airport, Greece on 23 November 1964. TWA Flight 841 IMPACT OF THE BOMBING People did not want to fly on TWA Flight 841 anymore, because they believed it was very dangerous.. . . On September 8, 1974, a Boeing 707-331B (registered N8734) operating as TWA Flight 841 from Tel Aviv to New York City via Athens and Rome crashed into the Ionian Sea, killing all aboard. . You can also hear and see a portion of the interview I did with Dave in the post overlooked clues. From the best and brightest scientists, explorers, photographers, and filmmakers, Nat Geo is the world's premium destination for science, exploration, and adventure. I flew to Minneapolis to interview two of the passengers on the flight. South Lebanon was also referred to as Fatahland, due to the almost complete control of Fatah and other military Palestinian organizations over this officially Lebanese area, which they used to stage attacks against Israel, mainly targeting civilians, and to engage in international airflight terror campaign. DETROIT, April 6 The Federal Aviation Administrator call it a miracle, and the passengers on TWA flight 841 say, Amen! During the week of 20January 1980, ALPA received their first copy of an FAA report form filed shortly after the 4Apr79 mishap. My lungs wouldn't expand. Find Twa Flight 847 stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. However, 21 minutes of the 30-minute tape were blank. Contributing to the cause was a preexisting misalignment of the No. The flight crew knew the aircraft was potentially unstable at 39,000ft. Stewart believes it would be unlikely they would "fool around" with the controls and risk the stability of the aircraft (page 221). In 2009, the Associated Press published an article claiming that Khalid Duhham Al-Jawary, the man responsible for the 1973 New York City bomb plot, was linked to the bombing of TWA Flight 841. Although we recognize that habits can cause actions not desired or intended by the actor, we have difficulty accepting the fact that the captain's putative habit of routinely erasing the CVR after each flight was not restrainable after a flight in which disaster was only narrowly averted. A bleeding ulcer forced him to go on medical leave for about three years. Even the atheists were praying at that point.. TWA Flight 841 was a Boeing 747 passenger plane that was bombed by the Abu Nidal Organization over the Ionian Sea on 8 September 1974, killing all 88 people on board. The Boeing simulation, presented to the NTSB's Performance Group, offered only that single failure condition: a simulation study with the #7 Slat Extended; done by modeling the sudden contribution of the "incremental rolling moment coefficient caused by the extension of the slat No. But Gibson and others who now support him are hopeful the board will act quickly in this case. FAA Administrator Langhorne Bond inspected crippled plane at Detroit; called it a miracle; NY Times reported "it is agreed that the pilot saved the passengers from certain death " Crew were debriefed by NTSB; "movement of the malfunctioning slat was the apparent cause buffeting and vibration right wing and nose dropped ". A British team of bomb experts confirmed the NTSB's findings after discovering two tiny fragments of metal embedded in a suitcase. Athens Air Traffic Control (ATC) immediately alerted Greek rescue services and called the Italian authorities in nearby Brindisi for assistance. This setting for this NTSB "depositional proceeding" violated NTSB's Order 6230.18, dated 27Sep78, which required the deposition site "shall be chosen carefully to create an informal environment and not take on either appearance or formality of a hearing." "Dean" Kampschror as IIC, with the investigation reassigned to the NTSB's main office in Washington D.C. Later still, this investigation file number was changed to DCA79AA016. I screamed for help and then I couldn't draw another breath, she said. The Lois Van Epps Scholarship has awarded $147,000 to 89 Edgemont seniors since the crash, Schutt said. They watched the aircraft execute a steep climb, followed by the separation of an engine from the wing and the death spiral. Our skepticism persists even though the CVR would not have contained any contemporaneous information about the events that immediately preceded the loss of control because we believe it probable that the 25 minutes or more of recording which preceded the landing at Detroit could have provided clues about causal factors and might have served to refresh the flightcrew's memories about the whole matter. May 5, and May 7, 1979Two sessions of simulator trials, done in Seattle using Boeing's engineering simulator, with Boeing test pilots. Suspicion fell on Abu Nidal and his terror organization. The NTSB had Boeing inspect the remainder of the leading edge slats, including the motors that move the slats and hold them in position. Reuters reported a total of 37 Americans aboard. Oct'9th, 1980 -- Letter from Capt. He feels that 80 to 85 percent of the pilots on the line think the (Flight 841 crew) were screwing around with the controls.'' The NTSB rejected this as improbable and attributed the extension of the flaps to the deliberate actions of the crew. </p> <p>TWA Flight 841 was a Boeing 747 passenger plane that was bombed by the Abu Nidal Organization . At around 10 a.m., two passengers stood up in their seats and revealed a pistol and two grenades they had smuggled on board. On Sunday morning, September 8th, 1974, the plane arrived in Athens after an uneventful flight from Tel Aviv. Gibson insisted he had done nothing wrong, and no disciplinary action was ever taken against him, neither by TWA nor by the Federal Aviation Administration. [1]:33. On April 4, 1979, at or around 948p.m. Over Saginaw, Michigan, while the plane was cruising at 39,000 (11,887 m) and Mach 0.816, it began a sharp roll to the right. "Plane Passengers Prayed But Expected to Be Killed. 2Oct80, Flight test aboard Boeing-owned B727 E209, from BFI in Seattle. At 9:49p.m., after traveling nearly 540 miles (870km),[2] while cruising at 39,000 feet (12,000m) near the city of Saginaw, Michigan, Captain Harvey "Hoot" Gibson (44),[3] said the aircraft was operating with the autopilot on "Altitude Hold" mode when he felt a light buffeting of the airframe. Terrorist who plotted 1973 car bombs, Khalid Al-Jawary, gets deported, Assassination of the Israeli attache in Washington, Full list of Lebanese rocket attacks on Israel, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=TWA_Flight_841_(1974)&oldid=721163816, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014, Trans World Airlines accidents and incidents, Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 707, Aviation accidents and incidents in Greece, Palestinian terrorist incidents in Europe, Terrorist attacks attributed to Palestinian militant groups, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Over the West Coast of Greece (Ionian Sea). Following a 68-minute refueling stop and more passengers boarding, the plane took off on the second leg of its journey at 09:14 GMT. Rohlfing said TWA never notified pilots of the occurrence. Flight 011 departed at 7.08 am on 23 April from Quito -Mariscal Sucre Airport, Ecuador, on a domestic flight to Cuenca Airport. "Dean" Kampschror, approached the "party coordinator" for the pilots' association, and Kampschror offered this consoling comment: Francis H. McAdams, Member, filed the following concurring and dissenting statement: Read more about this topic: TWA Flight 841 (1979), Aftermath, Wagners art is the most sensational self-portrayal and self- critique of German nature that it is possible to conceive.Thomas Mann (18751955), the outcome of the Clarence Thomas hearings and his subsequent appointment to the Supreme Court shows how misguided, narrow notions of racial solidarity that suppress dissent and critique can lead black folks to support individuals who will not protect their rights.bell hooks (b. c. 1955). Headed for South Korea's Gimhae International Airport, a Boeing 767 crashes into a hillside several miles from the runway. Explosive Proof: Directed by Tim Wolochatiuk. Much later, as the "web" developed, the Investigation Research Roundtable published that NTSB denial of a minor petition from the pilot: That May'95 NTSB "denial" of reconsideration included falsification of the "facts" previously documented by on-scene investigators in April 1979. However, a spokesman for TWA said sabotage was "highly unlikely. Williams, who has been a TWA pilot for 31 years. After stopping for 68 minutes in Athens, it departed for Rome. She says she will not fly again. Nor did I observe any other crew member take any action within the cockpit, either intentional or inadvertent, which would have caused the extension. 22May79 -- discussion between Boeing and NTSB defining tasks requested of the manufacturer. September 1979 -- The NTSB's IIC Dean Kampschror was interviewed by a reporter from _Aviation Consumer_. Don Morrison, TWA vice president of public affairs, said last Wednesday that the company had not seen the affidavit and had no comment. They watched the aircraft execute a steep climb, followed by the separation of an engine from the wing and a death spiral. Initially, the Investigator-in-Charge was Fred Rathke (CHI Field Office), and the NTSB's case number was initially CHI-79-A-A040 (an investigation assigned to a field office). ''It`s unpleasant enough that I try not to think about it,'' said Gibson, who grew up on the family farm in Earlville, Ill., about 75 miles west of Chicago. After stopping for 68 minutes in Athens, it departed for Rome. The aircraft was equipped with a Fairchild Industries Model A-100 cockpit voice recorder (CVR). During the flight, Williams states, he was told to forcibly override the autopilot so personnel on board could evaluate the response. Until at 9.30pm, less than. Two minutes, 30 seconds later, 274 passengers plus 19 crew members would find themselves standing in an open field . TWA Flight 841 was a scheduled passenger flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, en route to Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis, Minnesota. [1], The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the accident, conducting what was at the time the lengthiest accident investigation in NTSB history. However, a spokesman for TWA said sabotage was "highly unlikely. [1]:24. As the aircraft reached 80 . After stopping for 68 minutes in Athens, it departed for Rome. Afterward, the NTSB's Investigator-in-Charge, L.D. Boeing concluded that the number seven slat had failed because it had been extended while the aircraft was flying at cruising speed. South Lebanon was also referred to as Fatahland, due to the almost complete control of Fatah and other military Palestinian organizations over this officially Lebanese area, which they used to stage attacks against Israel. Thursday, 12Apr79 -- Inglewood, California, City Hall. Photo: The USS Independence andUSS Biddle were given the job of recovering the bodies and wreckage. TWA Flight 841 was a domestic, scheduled passenger flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, en route to Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis, Minnesota. After stopping for 68 minutes in Athens, it departed for Rome. Boeing determined that the #7 slat had failed because the slats had been extended while the aircraft was flying at cruising speed. Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. EDT, 12 minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, on a scheduled international passenger flight to Rome, with a stopover in Paris. Finally, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals shielded the USA's "independent" Safety Board, by deciding that any NTSB investigative-misconduct was NOT "reviewable": The NTSB never retracted their AAR81-8. In studying the Dayton incident, said Rohlfing, Williams remembered the 1977 flight, went back to his log book and discovered it was the same plane Gibson flew in 1979. Despite the best efforts of the flight crew, the aircraft spiraled out of control; Gibson shouted, "We're going over!". TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. [1]:1. The detonation of the bomb destroyed the systems responsible for operating the plane's . ''He feels that his peers do not believe him. One disturbing aside during these depositions, which did not appear in the official transcript, was a confrontation, an emotional outburst of the IIC. I'm not going to make it. . The TWA Flight 841 had stopped in Athens for 68 minutes and then departed for Rome. <p>2006, p. 324-5. The initial investigation was thus limited (no NTSB Go Team was available on scene). Gibson response to a 1991 Petition for Reconsideration by the Pilot: This NTSB "response" was never reviewed by the investigative community, never disclosed to ALPA. [13] The NTSB report noted that between 1970 and 1973, seven separate cases involving a single leading edge slat extension and separation were reported, but none of these reports indicated whether or not the slat extension was due to flight crew involvement. In the NTSB incident report, Captain Gibson said, "At no time before the incident did I take any action within the cockpit, either intentionally or inadvertently, that would have caused the extension of the leading edge slats or trailing edge flaps. 7 slat precipitated control problems that culminated in a loss of control.". Set target date of early June for a Boeing report to answer NTSB requests. ", Witkin, Richard. [citation needed] The crash occurred about 50 nautical miles west of Cephalonia, Greece. On April 4, 1979, at or around 9:48 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (01:48 UTC), while flying over Saginaw, Michigan, the Boeing 727-31 airliner began a sharp, uncommanded roll to the right, and subsequently . Get started for FREE Continue. After the ousting of the PLO from Jordan following the Jordanian-Palestinian civil war, the Palestinian military organizations made South Lebanon into their headquarters, enlisting militants from Palestinian refugee camps. Contributing to the captain's untimely use of the flight controls was distraction due probably to his efforts to rectify the source of the control problem. TWA Flight 841 was a scheduled passenger flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, en route to Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis, Minnesota. National Transportation Safety Board spokesman Ted Lopatkiewicz said the petition will be reviewed by the agency`s staff. Because the Board's final AAR81-8 mostly ignored the physical evidence, press reviews documented investigative-misconduct. The investigators believed that Boeing 727 pilots often set the trailing edge flaps to two degrees while cruising as it was rumored to increase lift with no additional drag allowing higher elevation, more speed, or less fuel consumption. When the NTSB asked Glen why the tape had been erased, he said that he always did it after a flight but, in this instance, could not remember having done it. [6] In its final report, published in June 1981, the NTSB concluded the probable cause of the accident was a mechanical failure of a leading-edge slat under inappropriate manipulation and the captain's untimely action. At about 15,000 feet (4,600m) the pilots extended the landing gear in an attempt to slow the aircraft. At no time prior to the incident did I take any action within the cockpit either intentionally or inadvertently, that would have caused the extension of the leading edge slats or trailing edge flaps. Gibson appealed against the NTSB's findings, first to the NTSB itself and then to the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Yorke's powerful insight, correlating the direct evidence, was later presented to the NTSB in a formal Petition For Reconsideration, receipt acknowledged by the NTSB on October 9, 1990. On April 4, 1979, at or around 9:48 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (01:48 UTC), while flying over Saginaw, Michigan, the Boeing 727-31 airliner began a sharp, uncommanded roll to the right, and . The American government tasked the USS Independence aircraft carrier, along with the frigate USS Biddle with picking up the debris. They included 17 Americans (plus a baby), 13 Japanese, four Italians, four French, three Indians, two Iranians, two Israelis, two Sri Lankans, an Australian and a Canadian. And I said, Oh God, I'll never make it, I'm the only one without an oxygen mask, and nobody knows I'm in here.. Further, tests also showed that under certain combinations of the angle of attack and Mach number, the extension of the number seven slat would exceed any counteractions available to the pilots making the plane uncontrollable. 17Jan80 -- NTSB issued Safety Recommendation A-80-8 (the formal letter dated 21Jan80): " Safety Board believes that an extended No. Williams is a member of the union`s TWA accident investigation committee. [4][5] The plane suffered substantial structural damage with the System A hydraulics ruptured as a result of the right main landing gear overextending but made an emergency landing at Detroit Metropolitan Airport in Michigan at 10:31p.m. EST without further trouble. He now believes the situation was similar to what happened during the TWA test flight, when the autopilot did not properly disconnect. The mishap-Captain was presented with the answer a week lateran FAA employee had reported that it was the captain himself who had made that claim. The nationalities of 30 other passengers and the nine crew members were not immediately known at the time. Formed in 1974 after a split from Yasser Arafat's Fatah, Abu Nidal carried out the Rome and Vienna airport attacks on December 27, 1985. 25Jul79 -- Performance Group Factual Report completed . "[4] Later, the National Transportation Safety Board determined that the plane was indeed destroyed by a bomb hidden in the cargo hold, which caused structural failure resulting in uncontrollable flight. The USS Independence along with the USS Biddle was tasked with picking up the debris and bodies. So when Dave Haase, one of the members of the TWA accident investigative team working on TWA 841, wanted to share his thoughts about the investigation, I was more than happy to give him this forum. Ships operating in the area were the first on the scene, and while they reported floating debris, there were no signs of any survivors. . As Derickson approached the two men to see what was happening, one of them kicked her in the chest. During the dive, Captain Gibson got so desperate to save the plane that he began moving his control column from all the way left to all the way right, then all the way forward and all the way back, but his efforts were fruitless. The Lod Airport massacre was a terrorist attack that occurred on 30 May 1972. After decades of delay, awaiting any NTSB response to the October 1990 ALPA Petition against AAR81-8, the Chairman was again formally questioned about the status of progress (January 2009). . But after the safety board`s ruling, there seemed little reason for anyone in the airline industry to believe him. The out-of-control aircraft was observed by crew on the flight deck of Pan Am flight 110. The vibrations started. As the nation mourns its worst-ever air disaster, investigators face puzzling evidence: The surviving captain of Air China Flight 129 claims that everything on board was normal, but air traffic controllers testify that the crew's radio communications were anything but. All 79 passengers and nine crew members were killed. ''Hoot'' Gibson had taught them to fly. Eight passengers reported minor injuries related to high g-forces. UALAl 1*1 ALL ^ ^ in ALL L/if* i J. Among pilots and flight attendants his name always . The crew responded immediately by disengaging the autopilot and getting the aircraft under control. TWA Flight 841 was a regularly scheduled service between Ben Gurion Airport (TLV) in Israel and John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) in New York, with stops at Athens-Ellinikon International Airport (ATH) in Greece and Roma-Fiumicino Airport (FCO) in Italy. Praying? It works, and an emergency landing is planned at Detroit. Inspector Gordon asked if Gibson was alright " This report form, relating an informal midnight conversation, between the mishap-pilot and two mechanics employed by the FAA, led to a misunderstanding (a mistaken inference by one listener) that would return to haunt the pilots months later. The pilots regain control and make an emergency land. [7], After eliminating all individual and combined sources of mechanical failure, the NTSB ruled that the extension of the slats was due to the flight crew manipulating the flap/slat controls in an inappropriate manner. The flight crew of Pan American Airways Flight 110, also a Boeing 707 en route eastbound from Rome to Beirut, was in the vicinity of the TWA aircraft at a cruising altitude of 33,000 feet. At 8:25p.m. EST, TWA Flight 841 departed JFK International after a 45-minute delay due to traffic congestion and reached its initial cruising altitude of 35,000feet at 8:54p.m. Due to a 100-knot headwind, the pilots requested to climb to 39,000feet at 9:25p.m., which was granted. . The DC-9 involved seen in 1993, in service with USAir. Barbara Merrill was on her way to Minneapolis with Susan, her 14yearold daughter, to rejoin her Army husband. If the passengers were not aware by then of the damage, an officer's announcement of a. flyover at Detroit to allow ground crews to survey the underside of the plane alerted them. . All 79 passengers and nine crew members were killed. After eliminating all other possible options, the NTSB concluded that the flight crew must have manipulated the extension of the slats. NorthJersey.com. They included 17 Americans (plus a baby), 13 Japanese, four Italians, four French, three Indians, two Iranians, two Israelis, two Sri Lankans, an Australian and a Canadian. Based in Alicante, Spain. On April 4, 1979, at or around 9:48 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (01:48 UTC), while flying over Saginaw, Michigan, the Boeing 727-31 airliner began a sharp, uncommanded roll to the right, and subsequently went into a spiral dive. Just 30 minutes after departure, the flight crashed into the . March 1981 -- ALPA submission in response to NTSB's request for analysis: Tuesday, 9 June 1981, NTSB Board Meeting, two of the five Board Members voted to adopt their staff's Probable Cause statement for AAR 81-8: The Probable Cause was adopted at this Board Meeting (the second "Sunshine Meeting"). For the last 11 years, ever since the night he captained TWA Flight 841 from New York to the Twin Cities, Gibson`s life has been this way. The NTSB never responded to the more thorough Petition For Reconsideration, receipt date Oct'9, 1990. Image: GC maps. His enthusiasm for aviation news and wealth of experience lends itself to some excellent insight, with his work cited in Forbes amongst other publications. During these simulator runs in Seattle, the Performance Group had mistakenly accepted Boeing's simulation-modeling, as "using simulator software for the B-727-100". Mohammed Ali Hamadei. 8:06. referring to the co-pilot to deploy the speed brakes, but the co-pilot didn't understand what the Captain meant so Gibson deployed them. The petition included an affidavit by TWA Captain P. T. Williams stating that two years before Flight 841 he had taken the very same airframe (N840TW) on a test . Two Board Members did not participate during this Meeting, and so did not endorse that P.C. Pilots answered questions from NTSB, Boeing, TWA, and FAA representatives. [1]:6 The NTSB made the following statement in the accident report: We believe the captain's erasure of the CVR is a factor we cannot ignore and cannot sanction. [5], In January 2009, the Associated Press published an investigation saying that Khalid Duhham Al-Jawary, responsible for the 1973 New York City bomb plot, was linked to the bombing of TWA Flight 841. The pilots were able to regain control of the aircraft and made a successful emergency landing at Detroit Metropolitan Airport. Trans World Airlines Flight 800 (TWA800) was a Boeing 747-100 that exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, on July 17, 1996, at about 8:31 pm. . Photo:Richard, The cockpit voice recorder had been erased. 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The Federal Aviation Administrator call it a miracle, and an emergency landing is planned at Detroit Metropolitan.... Nautical miles west of Cephalonia, Greece and the passengers on TWA flight 841 originated in Tel Aviv at! Flight crew knew the aircraft execute a steep climb, followed by the agency ` s staff i for! Passengers boarding, the flight deck of Pan am flight 110 twa flight 841 passenger interview 110! Stopped in Athens and was scheduled to make stops in Rome and New York: Books... Was interviewed by a reporter from _Aviation Consumer_ find TWA flight 847 photos... Ntsb itself and then to the more thorough petition for Reconsideration, receipt Oct... To Minneapolis with Susan, her 14yearold daughter, to rejoin her Army.. Hopeful the board 's final AAR81-8 mostly ignored the physical evidence, press reviews documented investigative-misconduct 12Apr79 -- Inglewood California! Ualal 1 * 1 all ^ ^ in all L/if * i J three years the board. 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