Rhodes_cartoon_analysis+FINAL.docx - Name: Grady Lentz Americas recent subjugated populations are savage, unruly, and rebelliousliterally visually half devil and half child, as Kipling would have it. Brown, Arthur Judson. Case Study: The Boxer WarThe Boxer Uprising.Online Encyclopediaof Mass Violence(July 23, 2008). National Endowment for the Humanties. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, October 18, 1900. A 27-year-old veterinarian was stabbed to death after trying to stop criminals from stealing the wheels from his wife's car at midnight during load shedding. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be.William McKinley. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly, July 28, 1900. For example, the light of civilization literally illuminated vicious, helpless, or clueless barbarians. Address of Pope Barrow to the Daughters of the American revolution. The U.S. is newly victorious in 1898 naval victories over the Spanish at Manila and Santiago de Cuba. The Cape to Cairo trip is a thrilling, unpredictable journey of over 6,200 miles and it is not for the faint of heart. achievement, From the Cape to Cairo, published in 1900, not only chronicled the events of a harrowing two year walking tour of Africa, but also discussed many of the problems that confronted . The archetypal dominance of Civilization over Barbarism is conveyed in a 1902 Puck graphic with the sweeping white figure of Britannia leading British soldiers and colonists in the Boer War. In his right hand Rhodes holds a pith helmet with a rifle slung around his right shoulder. LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. Numbers 14-15 and 18-20 wanting. T Time A Action A man stand up over a land C Caption The Rhodes Colossus Striding from Cape Town to Cairo O Objects A giant man, boots, land, a hat, clouds a gun, uniform. (The artist signed his name on the grave on the lower right.). The racism and contempt for non-Western others that undergirds Kiplings famous poemand the civilizing mission in generalis unmistakable here. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1900. Thomas Theodor Heine. December 10, 1892] The Exploration of Africa: From Cairo to the Cape ( French: L'Afrique des explorateurs : Vers les sources du Nil, lit. Seated around them (left to right) are a feminized Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. "Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains." Geopolitics, Vol. Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.McClures Magazine, February, 1899 (Vol. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. From breathtaking sights to local culture, Africa is the heartbeat of the world, and anyone lucky . Under the American flag, patriotic words end with a question mark: Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, Oh! The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. Whom or what did you include or leave out of the image? Few new vessels were commissioned until the 1880s when the first battleships were built, U.S.S. Activity: Imperialism Cartoons - The World - G.E. Beasley On February 15, 1898, the battleship U.S.S. Hanna was a wealthy businessman with investments in coal and iron who financed McKinleys 1896 election campaign with record-breaking fundraising that led to the defeat of opponent William Jennings Bryan. XII, No. The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard and sentimentalized the savage wars of peace as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. The Exploration of Africa: From Cairo to the Cape - Wikipedia John Bull Good 'evins! The wars undertaken in the name of Civilization and Progress were more savage, tortuous, and contradictory than is often recognized. In a run of 13 lithographs published in the July 4, 1900 issue of the French periodical LAssiette au Beurre, the cartoonist Ren Georges Hermann-Paul was especially incisive in calling attention to this grim reality. Although protested by some commanders, no single approach prevailed among these competitive armies thrown together in a loose coalition. China, shown gripping a schoolbook in the doorway, has not yet entered the scene. Names Keppler, Udo J., 1872-1956, artist First Lessons in Self Government. The paper on desk reads: The New Class. On June 17, while the fate of Seymour and his men remained unknown to the outside world, Allied navies attacked and captured the forts at Taku. Co., Puck Bldg., 1902 December 10. All are erstwhile British soldiers. Given the rhetoric of civilizing uplift used to justify expansion, training was expected as part of the incorporation of new territories into the U.S. The expedition met with unexpectedly fierce opposition from Boxers and Qing dynasty troops and was forced to retreat. Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal. Photograph. Long May It Wave. Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955). Cartoonist Victor Gillam turns the tables on American missionary zeal and moral imperative to save the heathen by showing how the Chinese might view the foreign devils in vignettes of ignorance, racism, and extreme violence in the United States. Mans Burden William H. Walker, cover illustration,Life, March 16, 1899. We had no design of aggrandizement and no ambition of conquest. Her breakthrough was in 1998 with the first episodes of the animated television series (Bakkar) by Cairo Cartoon. Estimates of civilian fatalities, on the other hand, range from 200,000 to possibly well over a million. 32, No. The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons(San Francisco: TBoli Pub. In the civilization narrative, barbarians were commonly identified as the non-Western, non-white, non-Christian natives of the less-developed nations of the world. Keppler portrays the conflict between the British and Sudanese as a struggle of the representatives of civilization against the forces of barbarism. Although the imagery used to depict the barbarians is not specifically evocative of the Middle East, it is a reflection of the predominant Western attitude toward the enterprise of colonialism and imperialism at the dawn of the twentieth century. Rhodes measures with the telegraphic line the distance from Cape Town (at his right foot) in South Africa to Cairo (at his left foot) in Egypt, illustrating his broader "Cape to Cairo" concept for further colonial expansion in Africa. Civilization and barbarism were vividly portrayed in the visual record. These images are presented through a cooperative effort between the Library of Congress and Dickinson State University. To the Person Sitting in Darkness addressed Great Britains Boer War as well as the Philippine conquest and Boxer intervention. Based on the image or your research, what historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? Here the Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines a headlight upon a raging dragon and sword-wielding Chinese Boxer whose banner reads 400 Million Barbarians. In the imagery of the civilizing mission, China is portrayed as both backward and savage. Who is present in this cartoonor perhaps a better question is, who is not present? The scene above turns the tables on the Harpers Weekly cover (above) and accuses foreign troops and missionaries of atrocities during the Boxer Uprising in China. LC-DIG-ppmsca-25696 (digital file from original print). 14 books12 followers. Please use: Dr. Beasleys Calendar to book appointment times. Dominated by full-page graphics, many issues were thematic visual essays developed by a single artist. Photograph. Illustrated by A. D. McCormick, with fold-out color map. Pages. | Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". The weekly magazine Judge, a rival to Puck that was published from 1881 to 1947, opened 1899 with a barbed rendering of the Anglo nations gorging on the globe. Explain the Sepoy rebellion and the reaction to this rebellion as detailed in the cartoon. such as microfilm or copy prints? 83-108 (2006). Source: Houghton Library, Harvard University. Study Resources. Written over the battle clouds on the right, the Spanish-American War would have inspired the depiction of Columbia as an emerging military power. Caricature published in the newspaper Punch, 10 December 1892 Imprint: [ca. For guidance about compiling full citations consult A Rival Who Has Come to Stay. hier encore nous avons pris un important commando. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, U.S. President William McKinley is depicted as a preacher standing on a dead Filipino, grinding his heel into the mans face. Mans Burden, emphasized its hypocrisy. The imperialist rhetoric of civilization versus barbarism that took root during these years was reinforced in both the United States and England by a small flood of political cartoonscommonly executed in full color and with meticulous attention to detail. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in The caption is ominous: War on Earth. Think It Over: All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. Designed using Unos. Although usually associated with the pro-expansionist proponents of civilization and progress, Puck on occasion turned a discerning eye on the double standards of Americas so-called noble mission in the Philippines and China. A post-conflict report calculated that close to 28,000 white Boers perished (the vast majority of them children under sixteen), while fatalities among incarcerated native Africans numbered over 14,000 at the very least. Mott, Frank Luther. Political cartoon analysis.pdf - Course Hero Vol. In its final issue for 1899a time when the U.S. suppression of Filipino resistance was at its peakPuck turned to a feel-good holiday graphic to reaffirm this theme of the bounty promised to newly invaded countries and peoples. Source:Library of Congress. Duplication Services Web site. 14-27 (May-June 1999). What are the motivations/justifications for this anti-imperialism? 'From the Cape to Cairo: Though the process be costly, the road of Source:Library of Congress, This rueful cartoon places Confucius and Jesus side-by-side and laments the failure of all parties to practice what they preach. 12/29/2010, Contact Information | Rights & Permissions, This resource was created by scholars at the University of Chicago and funded by the Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, As the caption indicates, this cover illustration dismisses charges of imperialism that critics directed against American expansion at the turn of the century.Harpers Weekly took pride in billing itself as A Journal of Civilization. The barbarians depicted here are Chinese Boxers who committed atrocities against Christian missionaries. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts.Geopolitics, Vol. Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German. In all likelihood, it was an internal malfunction, but many Americans blamed the Spanish and rallied behind the slogan Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain. The United States declared war on Spain on April 20, and the fury kindled by the sinking of the Maine was appeased by a great U.S. naval victory on the other side of the world two and a half months later. Uncle Sam and John Bull, as fellow soldiers, survey the globe from a parapet. The conduct of foreign troops in China was targeted in a searing cartoon by the French artist Thophile Steinlen. Date 1902 December 10. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Page updated: He is greeted with open arms by a mandarin and Wanted signs articulating prodigious opportunities for business. In May 1900, for example, artist William Bengough scathingly debunked a speech by President McKinleyonce again justifying the U.S. actions in taking of the Philippines by forceby depicting him as a parson standing on the face of a dead Filipino. Ugly and shocking scenes of violence in 19th-century American life are ironically captioned as refined and elegant to challenge the self-image of a nation contributing cash to save the heathen of foreign lands while ignoring its own barbarity. 1 print : chromolithograph. Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. China peeps over the wall. Tributes have poured in for a Cape Town vet who was killed by . Price lists, contact information, and order forms are available on the And yet Uncle Sam is always giving money to save the Heathen. Samuel D. Ehrhart,Puck, September 8, 1897. Appelbaum, Stanley. An African Journey, From the Cape to Cairo The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves. Veneration of Britains treatment of colonies as a positive model attests to the significant shift in the American world view given U.S. origins in relation to the mother country. (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). Source:Library of Congress, In this 1902 cartoon, Britains Boer War and goals on the African continent are identified with the march of civilization and progress against barbarism. 8, No. Three overlapping turn-of-the-century conflicts in particular stirred the righteous rhetoric of the white imperialists. In Pucks October 19, 1898 cover, Civilization holds China by his queue, labeled Worn Out Traditions, ready to cut it off with the shears of 19th Century Progress. The helpless mandarin tries to run away. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. - record ("About This Item") with your request. At the same time, the distinction the artist draws between Britains burden and Americas is striking. In the rest of the continent, the Belgians brutally dealt with uprisings in the Congo; and the German government gobbled up what practically was the last "free" land for colonials in southwest Africa. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. English. The backdrop to the scene, a large Map of the United States and Neighboring Countries, attests to the new position the U.S. has taken in the world, with its overseas territories marked by U.S. flags. The satirical weekly, Simplicissimus, flourished from 1896 to 1967 with a hiatus from 1944 to 1954. Imperialism in the Asia-Pacific,published originally inPeace Review10:3, pp. What do they expect from a drunken soldier, anyway? He was just one of the imperial rulers and national figures to be demonized. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. The cartoonist targets capitalists as the true power behind the policies and practices in the Pacific, with a portrait of businessman Marcus Hannaa dollar sign elongating his earthat dwarfs a portrait of President William McKinley. Do those benighted wretches fail to realize what we have accomplished in their islands? Gillams sub-caption is All this for politicsis civilization advancing?. Titled Dream of the Empress of China, the dream is an obvious nightmare, as the sardonic sub-caption makes clear. Relatively free from European rivalries and well situated to become a transoceanic partner, the U.S. was courted for the role. The blackboard contains the lessons learned from Great Britain on how to govern a colony and bring them into the civilized world, stating, By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. Location: Innovation Hall, 330 and online (see info below). U.S. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. Sitemap Whoever falls into your hands is forfeited. Good Will to Nobody., The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden, Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, 1899 issue of McClures Magazine, as the American war against the First Philippine Republic began to escalate. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. The Philippines are diminished as Only the Stepping-Stone that enables the U.S. to reach the eagerly anticipated China market. Beyond commercial and military prowess, the two nations formed a natural brotherhood within attitudes later labeled as social Darwinism. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. Bello, Walden. A priest of the Church of England, his father served as curate of Brentwood Essex for fifteen years, until 1849, when he became the vicar of Bishop's Stortford, where . The link between U.S. conquest of the Philippines and the lure of the China market was widely acknowledged at the time, and no one rendered this more vividly, concisely, and admiringly than the cartoonist Emil Flohri. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. The caption at their feet exclaims United We Stand for Civilization and Peace!, 'United We Stand for Civilization and Peace! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 8, 1898. The Rhodes Colossus - Striding from Cape Town to Cairo Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). - Wrapped in Kerosene-Soaked Cotton and Roasted to Death., In this same horrified mode, the July 28 cover of Harpers Weeklya publication that carried the subtitle A Journal of Civilizationdepicted demonic Boxers brandishing primitive weapons, carrying severed heads on pikes, and trampling a child wrapped in the American flag. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in Reimagining Zimbabwe's Cape-to-Cairo Railroad - FOCUS on Geography The Boxers, China, and the World(Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). Families were burned out of their homes and imprisoned in concentration camps. Close behind them lie corpses from the Franco-Prussian War, Russia and Turkey, Napoleon and Austria. Far off in the distance, with labels reading Roman Wars and Alexandria, the artists carries his viewers back to ancient times, when the civilization myth first emerged to mask the brutal realities of politically-motivated conflicts. Name: Grady Lentz Rhodes cartoon analysis Figure 1.4: Imperialist, explorer and businessman Rhodes as a. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as Keppler, U. J. The March of the Strenuous Civilization. C. S. Taylor,Life, April 11, 1901. Cecil John Rhodes | South African History Online Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. Uncle Sam breaks up a fight between students identified as Cuban Ex-Patriot and Guerilla in his New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The famous white-haired general, Mximo Gmez, a master of insurgency tactics in the Cuban Independence War (18951898) reads a book with his name on it. Presence of a German fleet lent evidence to one of the justifications the U.S. gave for war with Spain, that is, to protect the Philippines from takeover by a rival major power. - 27-1-09 (July 6, 2009). As these cartoons reflect, the U.S., itself a new colonial power, was particularly threatened by the rise of Germany as a rival in the Pacific. Philippines, Hawaii, Cuba, Porto Rico. A Native American reads a book upside down and a prospective Chinese pupil stands in the doorway. 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. Contemporary conflicts are spelled out over dark clouds. Take a look at the pictures and answer the questions to determine what these cartoons tell us about the era of imperialism. The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. Declaration of Independence:Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.. Miller, Bonnie M. The Image-Makers' Arsenal in an Age of War and Empire, 1898 1899: A Cartoon Essay, Featuring the Work of Charles Bartholomew (of theMinneapolis Journal)and Albert Wilbur Steele (of theDenver Post). Journal of American Studies, 45, pp 53-75 (Cambridge University Press). Despite public neutrality, the U.S. and Britain covertly supported each other. Hurst and Blackett. International Journal of Comic Art11.1 (2009)pp. William!! Each sign is topped by the word Wanted and the goods listed include trolley lines, electric lights, water-works, sewers, paving, asphalt roads, watches, clocks, wagons, carriages, trucks, 100,000 bridges, 500,000 engines, 2 million cars, 4 million rails, 100,000 RR stations, cotton goods, telegraph, telephone, stoves, lamps, petroleum, medicines, chemicals, disinfectants, 50 million reaping machines, 100 million plows, and 50 million sewing machines. [p. 199], The Way We Get the War News. In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". Library of Congress Duplication Services. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. The caption, titled The First Duty, carries this subtitle: Civilization (to China)That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade: the Asia Market. While grading a final exam a professor discovers that two students have virtually identical answers. Eighteen months before Steinlens disturbing mural, another German artist, Thomas Theodor Heine, published a similarly blood-soaked rendering of the barbarities perpetuated abroad by Western military forces. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. Misery Loves Company;but they hope soon to be out of it. Louis Dalrymple, Puck, March 20, 1901. The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling) (detail). - Elle permet aux prisonniers de jouir de la vue du dehors et davoir ainsi lillusion de la libert (Rapport officiel au War Office. Spencer, David R. "No Laughing Matter. [View Extract]. Anticipated U.S. exports appear on signs that advertise the rich market awaiting American manufacturers. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. (1902) From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. Cartoonists portrayed Wilhelm II with increasing venom as a perpetrator of violence through World War I. In the United States Puck, Judge, and the first version of a pictorial magazine titled Life; in France LAssiette au Beurre; and in Germany the acerbic Simplicissimus published masterful illustrations that ranged in opinion and style from partisan to thoughtful to gruesome. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. On Chinas side, the Boxers were absorbed into the Qing government forces to fight the invaders. Death to all Schools but Ours. The last marcher holds up Drummers Samples, referring to the traveling salesmen of business and commerce. Thophile Steinlen,LAssiette au Beurre, June 27, 1901. U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. Commercial interests not only drove U.S. policy in Asia, but also shaped public opinion about it. The synergy of piousness and power is the subject of a Keppler cartoon, The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization, in the January 12, 1898, issue of Puck. An exceptionally vivid cartoon version of Kiplings message titled The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling) was published in Judge on April 1, 1899. What were the effects of Belgian imperialism? Britains John Bull leads Uncle Sam uphill as the two imperialists take up the White Mans Burden in this detail from an overtly racist 1899 cartoon referencing Kiplings poem. Jacobs joined the Cape of Good Hope SPCA this week. Thompson, Roger R. Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre fromThe Boxers, China, andthe World. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. What historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? Europeans, this reads, Pour the Blessings of Their Culture over the Globe., Der Europer giesst die Segnungen seiner Kultur ber den Erdball aus (The Europeans pour the blessings of its culture over the globe). In this activity, you will analyze and then create cartoons about imperialism. But rivalries for commercial privileges never abated even when an eight-nation Allied military force was forged between the world powers in the summer of 1900. 'Explorers in Africa: To the Sources of the Nile') is a 1991 illustrated monograph on the European exploration of Africa. Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? He offers each student a dealif they both sign a statement admitting to . Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. The campaign was stepped up to target the civilian population that provided crucial support for guerrilla fighters in both the Transvaal and Orange Free State republics. 3, pp. President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. Source:Wikimedia. Is the item digitized? John Bull and Uncle Sam lift the globe, turned toward Asia and the Pacific, to the heavens. Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. After Allied forces were dispatched to relieve the sieges in Tianjin and Beijing, however, it did not take long before news reports and complementary visual commentary began to take note of barbaric conduct on both sides of the conflict. Despite several victories in the battle for Tianjin, chaotic Chinese forces melted away before the Allied advance. There should be no problem designing a flag for the conquered Philippines, he opined in drawing his biting essay to a close: we can have just our usual flag, with the white stripes painted black and the stars replaced by the skull and cross-bones.. White man's burden--1900-1910, - Beginning in 1896, the British carried out military expeditions in Sudan in order to reassert control over the Upper Nile region. Orig. By the 1890s, the U.S. began to revitalize both its commercial and naval fleets. Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain).